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Preservation of spice plants usually leads to changes in the structure and content of biologically active substances. The present study determined the effect of lyophilization and convection drying on the content and chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves of two leaf celery cultivars. Compared to lyophilization, convection drying allows a larger amount of essential oil to be retained in leaves of leaf celery (respectively by 0.48 and 0.21%). The oil obtained from the material preserved using the convection method had higher amount of limonene, γ-terpinene, (Z)-β-ocimene and β-selinene than that extracted from the lyophilized material, whereas the essential oil from freeze-dried celery had more myrcene and 9H-purin-6-ol than oil from convection-dried celery.
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Tomato fruit, constituting raw material for processing industry, can be harvested manually or mechanically, with the use of a harvester. Such features of new cultivars, as almost simultaneous fruit setting, high fruit durability and slow overripening of fruit, make it possible to give up the traditional, multiple harvesting. Limiting the number of harvests and introducing mechanical harvest, express aiming at decreasing the harvest costs. During studies conducted in the years 2009–2010 the quantity and structure of fruit yield in several tomato cultivars recommended for processing industry. Fruit came from single harvest, conducted in the second half of September. The highest fruit yield and the best fruit yield were these of Dyno F1 and Benito F1 cultivars. The cultivars Asterix F1 and Tenorio F1 yielded at a similar level and the unfavourable feature in their yield structures was high share of small fruits (of the diameter from 4.0 to 3.5 cm) and very small ones (below 3.5 cm). The yield of tomato fruit in the subsequent years was significantly differentiated and depended upon weather conditions. It was demonstrated that in the case of cultivars with longer vegetation periods, including cultivars recommended for processing industry, the harvest of the whole yield is not always possible. In the first study year ripe fruits constituted 94.9%, in the second year – 80.7%. A large number of unripe fruits significantly hinders conducting mechanical tomato harvest.
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. macrocarpum) is a valuable vegetable from the Solanaceae family. The increased interest in open field pepper cultivation results from higher demand for this vegetable of the processing industry. Preservation and freezing are the main directions of pepper processing. Due to a long growing period and high thermal requirements of this species, a based problem in open field pepper cultivation in Poland is to obtain the largest possible amount of fully red fruits. The present study, conducted during the period 2009–2010, evaluated quantity and quality yield of several sweet pepper cultivars that are currently most frequently grown in the Lublin region for the processing industry. Fruits were picked in a single harvest. The present study determined marketable yield and its structure, depending on the fruit colour stages, as well as basic technological traits of fruits such as fruit weight, pericarp thickness, share of placenta in fruit weight, and technological yield. ‘Socrates F1’, ‘King Arthur F1’, and ‘Red Knight F1’ were the most productive cultivars. The highest red fruit yield was obtained in the cultivars ‘King Arthur F1’ and ‘Red Knight F1’, and they also produced the largest fruits. Red fruits accounted for 50.8% of marketable yield, on average, for the cultivars compared. Among the domestic cultivars, ‘Caryca F1’ was distinguished by a thick pericarp and a high share of placenta in fruit weight. Technological yield of fruits of the evaluated cultivars was in the range of 83.5–91.7%.
Leaf celery (Apium graveolens L. var. secalinum Alef.) is a vegetable with spicy and medicinal properties. A study on the effect of seeding rate and irrigation on yield of two leaf celery cultivars: ‘Gewone Snij’ and ‘Green Cuttnig’, was carried out at the Felin Experimental Farm of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin during the period 2009–2010. Seeds were sown in the field in the last decade of April in rows 25 cm apart. Two seeding rates were used: 15 and 25 kgāha-1. Plant irrigation was applied during critical periods of soil water deficit. The raw material was harvested twice: in the 2nd decade of August and in the 2nd decade of October. The investigated factors were shown to have a significant effect on leaf celery yield. A significantly higher content of essential oil was found in the leaves of both celery cultivars harvested on the first date. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from irrigated plants of the cultivar ‘Green Cutting’ harvested in the 2nd decade of August. The main components of the essential oil of leaf celery were limonene and myrcene.
This paper presents the results of studies of the levels of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the gonads of pikeperch females from the Szczecin, Vistula and Curonian lagoons. This study determined that the levels of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd and those of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls occur in pikeperch gonads in different quantities depending on the region studied. The highest level of zinc was recorded in pikeperch gonads from the Szczecin Lagoon, and the highest levels of copper were noted in those from the Vistula Lagoon. The highest levels of S HCH occurred in the gonads of Vistula Szczecin pikeperch.
The fecundity of cod from the southern Baltic Sea in the late 1990s was estimated from 461 pairs of ovaries at the maturity stage IV (according to Maier′s scale). Number of eggs per female was estimated for different length, weight, and age classes of fish obtained from the ICES subdivisions: 25 (Bornholm Deep) and 26 (Gdańsk Deep). Absolute fecundity in relation to body length and age, as well as relative fecundity, showed no differences between the two subdivisions, whereas absolute fecundity in relation to body weight was slightly higher in females from the Gdańsk Deep. Absolute fecundity in relation to age showed a high variability, particularly among age classes 5 and older. Absolute fecundity of cod in the southern Baltic has increased slightly over the past four decades. Length at first maturity, i.e. length at which 50 % of females are mature, was estimated to be 40.2 cm for females from the Gdańsk Deep.
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