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Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) of the satin moth Leucoma (=Stilpnotia) salicis L. was produced by infecting the larvae with the LesaNPV strain obtained from epizootic center in Katowice. The infected larvae were reared under laboratory, greenhouse and insectarium conditions. Because L. salicis can not be reared on a semi-synthetic food, the insects were maintained on natural products. Efficiency of the mass virus production depended on an insect growth stage, virus concentration and number of infected larvae in a rearing container. The fourth-instar larvae were the best for LesaNPV replication. Inoculation of younger larval stages (third instar stadium) provided less number of inclusion bodies (insects were dying sooner and did not meet their maximum body weight). On the contrary inoculation of older stages (fifth and sixth instars) resulted in slower virus replication and low larva mortality. The virus concentration of 3 x 109 of inclusion bodies per container was the optimum inoculum for the mass virus production (double infection with the virus concentration of 1.5 x 109 inclusion bodies/1000 larvae). The larvae reared at high-density became more infected and it caused their earlier death and in consequences low virus efficiency. Rearing the insect at low density (less than 10 larvae per 1.0L container) was conducive for both an increase of insect body mass and virus replication as well. The highest number of inclusion bodies per one larva (5.3 x 109-7.7 x 109) and the highest total number of inclusion bodies (152 x 1011-188 x 1011) were achieved under these rearing conditions in a greenhouse and insectarium.
Long standing systematic observations on Leucoma salicis populations revealed numerous occurrences of outbreaks and natural viral epizootics. Number of insects appearing in outbreaks at peak density ranged from 450 to 3250 on 10 examined poplar trees (up to 2 m height). Abundance of virus within population of such a high density increased along with an increase of insect population. Populations with high density and high level of nucleopolyhedrovirus (LesaMNPV) and cypovirus did not last long and collapsed suddenly. Outbreaks of the satin moth were favored by warm and humid conditions while warm and dry spring, summer months were conducive to viral epizootic. Most outbreaks happened in the years with mean temperatures of spring and summer months above 15°C and 50-60% RH while, most epizootics were recorded at similar temperature conditions but lower RH, i.e. 40-50%.
An epizootic was induced by introduction of Leucoma salicis nucleopolyhedrovirus (LesaMNPV) into satin moth (L. salicis) population feeding on poplar Populus nigra L. Introduction of LesaMNPV virus at a rate 4 x 102 of inclusion bodies per tree into insect population (stage L3 and L4) resulted in a rapid outbreak collapse both in the peak and early decline phases. A rate of epizootic development depended on healthiness of satin moth larvae before the treatment. Insect population with a high level of nucleopolyhedrovirus (app. 21% and 26% infected insects) reached the epizootic peak on the 18th day after the treatment (85% and 86% infected insects). Induced epizootic resulted in the decline phase of L. salicis population that continued for subsequent 6 years. Accidental occurrence of fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. extended the population decline phase for the period of at least 8 years. Induced epizootic caused a rapid collapse of satin moth outbreak with direct transition from the population peak phase into the population collapse phase with omission of the decline phase. This pattern was not observed in not treated populations. Artificially induced epizootics affected healthiness of insect pupae and adults as well the reproductive potential of females and healthiness of offspring. The weight of pupae obtained from treated larvae was lower when compared with the control. Virus infections were found more frequently in female pupae than in male pupae. This resulted in a 6-28 fold decrease of the number of egg masses and 3.5-5 times lower numbers of eggs deposited by females. Offspring of infected pairs showed symptoms of viral infection (15-28% infected larvae) and the number of offspring was 70-800 times lower in comparison with offspring of not infected pairs. This study presents the results of induced epizootic and has been the first attempt to review and sum up results of long-term research on evaluation of nucleopolyhedrovirus efficacy in natural conditions.
Six fungal species, Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fr., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Acremonium sensu Gams, Fusarium sp. Link ex Fr., Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm. ex Gray) Brown et Smith as well a Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown et Smith, have been isolated as result of studies on entomopathogenic fungi of the satin moth Stilpnotia salicis. The epizootic induced by the fungus B. bassiana in 1994 caused about 92% reduction of the pest population. That has been noted for the first time in a natural population of S. salicis in Poland.
Six fungal species, Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fr., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Acremonium sensu Gams, Fusarium sp. Link ex Fr., Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm. ex Gray) Brown et Smith as well a Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown et Smith, have been isolated as result of studies on entomopathogenic fungi of the satin moth Stilpnotia salicis. The epizootic induced by the fungus B. bassiana in 1994 caused about 92% reduction of the pest population. That has been noted for the first time in a natural population of S. salicis in Poland.
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