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Paragordius is a genus of Gordiida with a worldwide distribution, but with a scarce specific diversity. Sixteen species of the genus Paragordius have been described so far. In many cases, as with the other genera of Gordiida, the original descriptions of the species are insufficient due to the limitations of the techniques employed. In this work the holotypes of P. minusculus and P. esavianus are redescribed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a new species of Paragordius is described, the distribution for P. esavianus and P. varius is enlarged and a new host record of P. esavianus is presented.
The presence of larvae and pupae of the genus Metrichia (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae), larvae of the genus Macrelmis and Phanocerus (Coleoptera, Elmidae), three diatom genera Achnanthes, Cocconeis, Gomphonema, and some specimens of very small diatoms that could not be determined to species or genus level, were recorded for the first time as epibionts for Chordodes brasiliensis (Gordiida, Nematomorpha). Such epibionts were found on the body surface of this species of hairworms, captured from El Tala stream, Catamarca, Argentina.
There are numerous open questions concerning the life cycle of Gordiida (Nematomorpha), especially about egg development and viability of larvae during winter, when the temperature of freshwater environments where they inhabit is low. On the basis of experimental studies we demonstrate that egg development of Chordodes nobilii takes 20–25 days at 22°C and 45–55 days at 5°C. We also observed that larvae of C. nobilii obtained from egg strings at 5°C and maintained at that temperature during six months remained inside their egg shells as a survival strategy.
There are numerous open questions concerning the life cycle of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha), especially about the parasitic phase. Complete development takes place only in a few host species. These hosts, almost exclusively arthropods, may be infected directly or indirectly through a paratenic host which carries larvae and cysts of hairworms and was infected in an aquatic habitat. Even though different aquatic animals have been cited as paratenic hosts, little is known about the viability of the larvae or the cysts inside them. On the basis of experimental infections we demonstrate that the larvae entering a paratenic host (Physella cubensis) do not encyst immediately and that larvae and cysts can infect a second paratenic host (Jenynsia multidentata).
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