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Lactobacilli are bacteria commonly associated with the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. They are able to produce antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocins, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, the factors which have been shown to be beneficial for controlling overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. For this reason lactobacilli are often applied in probiotics. The aim of present study was to construct a reporter strain based on the gfpuv expression system which can bee used as a strain with the ability to colonize the intestinal tract in future experiments.
Viruses replicating in the nucleus need to cross the nuclear membrane barrier during infection, therefore disruption of specific nuclear transport pathways is crucial for their replication cycle. In the present study we have investigated the influence of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport inhibitors – ivermectin and leptomycin B, on EHV-1 replication in primary murine neurons. Obtained results suggest that the examined proteins – exportin 1 and importin α/β may participate, but are not required, during EHV-1 infection. Based on these results, it can be assumed that EHV-1 is able to use other receptors for nucleo-cytoplasmic transport.
Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses, capable of infecting higher as well as lower vertebrates. To date, more than one hundred species have been isolated and identified, and new species are still being discovered. For many years mammalian herpesviruses have been of interest to researchers because of their prevalence and pathogenicity, as well as significant economic losses associated with herpesviral infections, especially in livestock. In the course of their evolution, herpesviruses have perfectly adapted to their hosts and have developed the ability to establish latency. For years, many diverse efforts have been made to eliminate herpesviral infections, but the vaccines produced are generally ineffective and do not provide protection against the establishment of latency. Therefore, further research on their pathogenesis and continuous monitoring are needed to prevent the occurrence and spread of herpesvirus infections, particularly in farm and companion animals.
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a prevalent causative agent of equine diseases worldwide. After primary replication in the respiratory epithelium the virus disseminates systemically through a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-associated viraemia. EHV-1 is the only alphaherpes-virus known so far which is capable of establishing latent infection not only in neurons but also in immune system cells (mainly in lymphocytes and macrophages). Since leukocytes are not the target cells for viral replication but are used to transport EHV-1 to the internal organs, the question remains how the virus avoids the immune response and whether it could potentially be associated with virus-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the progress of EHV-1 replication in leukocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin and the impact of EHV-1 infection on the actin cytoskeleton. Using the real-time PCR method we evaluated the quantity of viral DNA from samples collected at indicated time points post infection. In order to examine possible changes in actin cytoskeleton organization due to EHV-1 infection, we performed immunofluorescent staining using TRITC-phalloidin conjugate. The results showed that EHV-1 replicates in leukocytes at a restricted level but with the accompaniment of chromatin degradation. Simultaneously, infection with EHV-1 caused disruption of the actin cytoskeleton; this was particularly apparent in further stages of infection. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton may lead to the limited release of the virus from the cells, but may be also beneficial for the virus, since at the same time it potentially impairs the immune function of leukocytes.
Equid herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) together with equid herpesvirus type 5 are members of Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, genus Rhadinovirus. EHV-2 is one of major agents causing diseases of horses common worldwide. A possible role of EHV-2 in reactivating latent equid herpesvirus type-1 has been suggested, because reactivation of latent EHV-1 was always accompanied by EHV-2 replication. Variety techniques, including cell culture, PCR and its modifications, have been used to diagnose EHV-2 infections. The aim of this study was to develop, optimize and determine specificity of real-time PCR (qPCR) for EHV-2 DNA detection using HybProbesR chemistry and to evaluate clinical samples with this method. The analytical sensitivity of assay was tested using serial dilutions of viral DNA in range between 70 and 7x105 copies/ml. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated using probit analysis and was determined as 56 copies/ml. In further studies 20 different clinical samples were tested for the presence of EHV-2. Described in-house qPCR method detected viral DNA in 5 of 20 specimens used. The results of this work show that developed HybProbes-based real-time PCR assay is very reliable and valuable for detection and quantification of equid herpesvirus type 2 DNA in different clinical samples. The high level of sensitivity, accuracy and rapidity provided by the LightCycler 2.0 instrument are favorable for the use of this system in the detection of EHV-2 DNA in veterinary virology.
Real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) based on impedance measurements is an emerging technology for analyzing the status of cells in vitro. It allows label-free, real time monitoring of the biological status of cells. The present study was designed to assess dynamic data on the cell processes during equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection of ED (equine dermal) cells and primary murine neuronal cell culture. We have demonstrated that the xCELLigence system with dynamic monitoring can be used as a rapid diagnostic tool both to analyze cellular behavior and to investigate the effect of viral infection.
Luminescent nanocrystals and quantum dots have great potential for use as fluorescent markers in biology and medicine. However, their first generations were based on the heavy-metal core, which was unstable and shed heavy-metal ions into biological media. This, coupled with a lack of information on their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, rendered them unusable for purposes outside research. The recently developed nonheavy metal nanocrystals are a promising material for future medical use. Yet, the controversies over their application, absorption and biodistribution remain. Various recent papers present different results on the uptake of nanocrystals and on their intracellular and organ distribution. In our study, we focused on the question of how the size and shape of nanocrystals affect their duodenal absorption after intragastric gavage (IG) and distribution to the liver. Commercial bulk nanoparticles and hydrothermal nanoparticles produced at the Institute of Physics PAS were the same in composition and excitation-emission range, but significantly different in shape and size. Adult mice (n = 24) aged 3-6 months were kept in standard living conditions (12 h day-night cycle), fed ad libitum with unobstructed access to water. Following a 1-week adaptation period, an RO water suspension of nanoparticles (50 µg/ml) was administered by IG. No changes in the behaviour of the mice or pathophysiological changes in their organs were observed following IG. The control group received an identical volume of RO water by IG. Cross-sections of the organs were examined both qualitatively and quantitatively by confocal microscopy and scanning cytometry. Following IG, both types of nanoparticles entered the duodenum in a similar time, but only the smaller, elongated hydrothermal nanoparticles were absorbed through the intestinal epithelium and distributed throughout internal organs (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, we found that the size and shape of nanocrystals is crucial for their bioavailability.
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory infections, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. Molecular epidemiology studies have demonstrated that a single-point mutation in DNA polymerase gene, resulting in an amino acid variation (N752/D752), is significantly associated with the neuropathogenic potential of EHV-1 strains. The aim of the study was to elucidate if there are any differences between neuropathogenic (EHV-1 26) and non-neuropathogenic (Jan-E and Rac-H) EHV-1 strains in their ability to infect neuronal cells. For the tested EHV-1 strains, cytopathic effect (CPE) was manifested by changed morphology of cells, destruction of actin cytoskeleton and nuclei degeneration, which led to focal degeneration. Moreover, EHV-1 26 strain caused fusion of the infected cells to form syncytia in culture. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that both neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic EHV-1 strains replicated in neurons and ED cells (equine dermal cell line) at a similar level. We can assume that a point mutation in the EHV-1 polymerase does not affect viral replication in this cell type.
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a major viral pathogen of horses, causing respiratory disease, abortions, and equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Like other alphaherpesviruses, EHV-1 establishes latency in neurons, but mechanisms involved in this process are still elusive. In the present study, we used antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV) to completely suppress EHV-1 replication in primary murine neuron culture. Trichostatin A (TSA), a known chemical reactivator of other herpesviruses, was used to stimulate productive EHV-1 infection. Moreover, gene expression of some cytokines was simultaneously evaluated, in order to check, whether the maintenance conditions of such a model may influence host cell response. Changes observed in IFN-α, IFN-β, and IL-10 mRNA gene expression depended on the EHV-1 strain. Although infection with either of the two EHV-1 strains investigated led to in an increase in type I IFNs gene expression, only the neuropathogenic strain caused a decrease in anti-inflammatory IL-10 gene expression. Unlike EHV-1 infection, the addition of neither ACV nor TSA caused significant changes in the expression of the above genes. We may therefore conclude that the in vitro model presented in the study is suitable for detailed investigation of the host cell-virus relationship on the molecular level.
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infections cause significant economic losses for equine industries worldwide as a result of abortion, respiratory illness, and neurologic disease in all breeds of horses. The occurrence of abortions caused by EHV-1 has repeatedly been confirmed in Poland, but neurological manifestations of the infection have not been described yet. Also it is unknown how the infection of neurons with non-neuropathogenic strains is regulated. To further understand the virus- neuron interaction we studied two strains of EHV-1 in murine primary neuron cell cultures. Both strains were isolated from aborted fetuses: Rac-H, a reference strain isolated by Woyciechowska in 1959 (Woyciechowska 1960) and Jan-E isolated by Bańbura et al. (Bańbura et al. 2000). Upon infection of primary murine neuronal cell cultures with Jan-E or Rac-H strains, a cytopathic effect was observed, manifested by a changed morphology and disintegration of the cell monolayer. Positive results of immunofluorescence, nPCR and real-time PCR tests indicated high virus concentration in neurons, meaning that both EHV-1 strains were likely to replicate in mouse neurons in vitro without the need for adaptation. Moreover, we demonstrated that some neurons may survive (limited) virus replication during primary infection, and these neurons (eight weeks p.i.) harbour EHV-1 and were still able to transmit infection to other cells.
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