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The net photosynthetic rate (PN), the sample room CO₂ concentration (CO₂S) and the intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) in response to PAR, of C3 (wheat and bean) and C4 (maize and three-colored amaranth) plants were measured. Results showed that photorespiration (Rp) of wheat and bean could not occur at 2 % O₂. At 2 % O₂ and 0 µmol mol-1 CO₂, PN can be used to estimate the rate of mitochondrial respiration in the light (Rd). The Rd decreased with increasing PAR, and ranged between 3.20 and 2.09 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in wheat. The trend was similar for bean (between 2.95 and 1.70 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹), maize (between 2.27 and 0.62 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹) and three-colored amaranth (between 1.37 and 0.49 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹). The widely observed phenomenon of Rd being lower than Rn can be attributed to refixation, rather than light inhibition. For all plants tested, CO₂ recovery rates increased with increasing light intensity from 32 to 55 % (wheat), 29 to 59 % (bean), 54 to 87 % (maize) and 72 to 90 % (three-colored amaranth) at 50 and 2,000 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively.
Many studies have involved the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from aquatic plants, but the algicidal properties of terrestrial plants have received less attention. This study aims to identify allelochemicals of ethyl acetate extracts from three plant materials (shaddock peel, pomegranate peel, pomegranate seed) and to investigate their inhibitory effects on Microcystis aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate extracts of the three plant materials were identified by GC-MS. Finally, 19 kinds of compounds (including organic acids, ester, ketone, sterol, etc.) were obtained and eight kinds of organic acids and N-phenyl-2-Naphthalenamine were proved to be allelochemicals. The inhibitory effects of the ethyl acetate extracts were also explored by M. aeruginosa bioassay. This showed that the inhibition percentages of ethyl acetate extracts of the three plant materials on the growth of M. aeruginosa were 43.9%, 47.5%, and 40.3%, respectively, when the algae were treated at a dosage of 20 mg/L extracts.
The present study investigated the morphological and physiological effect of salicylic acid (SA) on manganese toxicity in dwarf polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L.) seedlings grown hydroponically. Our findings showed that Mn stress could decrease plant growth, cause serious chlorosis and injury the photosynthetic apparatus. An increase of Mn accumulation and the inhibition of the K and Ca absorption and the Mg, Fe and Zn translocation were observed under Mn stress. Also, there was a considerable increase in H2O2 and TBARS (thiobarbituric acidreactive substances) content in both the roots and leaves under Mn condition. The combination of SA and Mn treatment decreased the transport of Mn, Fe and Zn from roots to shoots and increased the Ca absorption and Mg translocation. In antioxidant system, such as CAT, APX, GR, DHAR, GSH and AsA, the combined treatment significantly increased the antioxidant content and antioxidative enzyme activities compared to the Mn stress alone. The level of ROS and lipid peroxidation significantly decreased under the combination of SA and Mn. These results suggested that SA-induced Mn tolerances in polish wheat are mainly by inhibiting Mn translocation, enhancing enzymatic activities and nonenzymatic antioxidants contents, and regulating nutrient absorption and distribution in plants.
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