Different clinical outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) are related to the balance between cell-mediated and humoral immunity and may depend on environmental and individual factors including age and sex. The purpose of this study was to analyze the humoral immune response to recombinant and native mycobacterial antigens in relation to clinical presentations of pulmonary TB in children. We examined 224 serum samples including 81 primary and 31 postprimary TB cases, 30 cases of latent TB infection, and 82 nontuberculosis controls. Commercially available ELISA assays detecting IgG, IgA, and IgM against antigens: 38 kDa, 16 kDa, 38kDa, lipoarabinomannan (LAM), and A-60 were used. The results indicate that IgG production was very low in primary compared with postprimary TB (P<0.0001). IgM levels did not differ between the examined groups. Antibody levels strongly depended on the child's age. In infants aged below 1 there was no difference in the antibody level between the TB and control cases. Most positive cases were observed in children aged above 10. The influence of BCG vaccination on the antibody level was not seen. In all subgroups, person-to-person heterogeneity of antigen recognition was observed. We conclude that humoral immune response is associated with the phase of TB and is stronger in more advanced TB forms. IgG and IgA production against mycobacterial antigens is very low in young children.
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The immunomodulatory effect of two preparations from Panax ginseng radix, namely Ginsengcha (granulated mass of radix ginseng) and Ginsengpian (ginseng radix flakes) on mice has been investigated. The examined immune parameters were the following: the production of anti-SRBC antibodies, the chemokinesis of mouse spleen cells and the graft-versus-host reaction induced by mouse spleen cells. Additionally, the influence of ginseng preparations on the angiogenic activity of syngeneic LI sarcoma cells, LI sarcoma tumour growth and tumour blood supply (haemoglobin content) was examined. The production of antibodies was enhanced, particularly in the group with lower control parameters (pcO.OOl). Chemokinesis proved to be augmented (p<0.001) after 10 days of administering ginseng preparations to mice. The ability of mouse spleen cells to produce immunological mediators in the GvH reaction (immunological angiogenesis) turned out to increase significantly (p<0.001) under the influence of Ginsengcha. Neither Ginsengpian nor Ginsengcha stimulated the angiogenic activity of the LI sarcoma cells. Ginsengpian sligtly decreased this activity (p<0.02). The LI sarcoma tumour volume was significantly reduced by Ginsengcha (p<0.05), but no influence on tumour blood supply was observed. Panax ginseng preparations possess immunomodulatory properties and show potent antitumour activity.
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Resistance to tuberculosis (TB) is cell-mediated but a humoral response is common and may be correlated with the lack of effective local cellular defense mechanisms. The goal of the study was to evaluate IgG, IgA, and IgM-mediated humoral immune response against 38-kDa+16-kDa and 38-kDa+lipoarabinomannan (LAM) mycobacterial antigens in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) from patients with pulmonary TB. Non-tuberculosis (NTB) patients were used as control. 179 BALF samples (56 TB and 123 NTB) were examined. Commercially available ELISA-based assays against proteins 38-kDa and 16-kDa or 38-kDa plus LAM were used. Three different dilutions of BALF: 1:1; 1:10, and 1:50 (100) were tested. Only the results obtained with the 1:10 dilution allowed distinguishing TB and NTB groups. The mean IgG level for 38-Da+LAM was significantly higher in the TB than that in the NTB group (P<0.0001). The mean IgA level for 38-kDa+LAM also was higher in the TB group (P<0.05). No difference was observed between TB and NTB groups in the titer of IgM antibodies. These findings indicate that TB is associated with the presence of detectable levels of antibodies in BALF. The antibody response is highly heterogeneous. This phenomenon results from the balance between pathogen and host immune system. The tests examined for detection of IgG in BALF can be used in combination with other diagnostic methods to increase diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary TB.
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The aim of the study was to test the diagnostic accuracy of several serological assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in the Polish population. ELISA based assays detecting: 38kDa+LAM - MycoM, MycoA and MycoG, 38kDa - Pathozyme TB complex, 38kDa+16kDa - Pathozyme TB complex plus were used. The humoral immune response was analyzed in a group of 319 TB patients (289 adults and 30 children) and in a control group consisting of 66 sarcoidosis cases, 16 cases of mycobacterial infections other than tuberculosis, 35 lung cancer patients, and 70 healthy volunteers. Among the TB patients, there were 267 cases of pulmonary TB and 52 cases of extrapulmonary TB. Sensitivity varied between 32% (IgM) and 63% (IgA) and increased in culture positive tuberculosis and in chronic cases. Specificity was the highest for the tests based on recombinant antibodies (98%). Sensitivity of the IgG test in extrapulmonary TB was comparable with that in pulmonary TB. Overall, sensitivity of the examined tests was lower in children than in adults, but it varied depending on the age and phase of the disease. We conclude that the ELISA-based tests may be a useful tool for improving the diagnosis of TB, especially in adults and in those countries where the prevalence of culture positive and chronic cases is high.
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