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Increased transformation efficiency of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Zaječarska 83), was achieved using Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying the superbinary vector pTOK233 and the hpt gene for hygromycin resistance. Evidence for transformation was based on GUS activity and the presence of a fragment of the uidA gene in transformed embryos and regenerated plants, as demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction. Efficiency was 1% (LBA4404/pBI121) to 14% (LBA4404/pTOK233) higher than that of some other vectors used in previous work with the same cultivar. The higher efficiency may be due to the presence of an extra set of vir genes in pTOK233. Moreover, the presence of the hpt gene, enabling the use of hygromycin instead of kanamycin for selection, was better for the development of secondary somatic embryos, thus contributing to a higher final number of transgenic plants.
Shoot cultures of Gentianella bulgarica established from seedling epicotyls were maintained on MS medium supplemented with BA 0.2 mg l⁻¹ + NAA 0.1 mg l⁻¹. Cultures were prone to precocious flowering requiring the use of small shoot buds for multiplication purposes. The contents of three xanthone compounds identified as DGL, BGL, and DMB, in different plant material were determined by HPLC. The analysis revealed that the production of xanthones was affected by different concentrations of BA in medium. Shoot cultures grown at higher BA concentrations contained more DGL than material grown in nature. The concentrations of other two xanthones were lower in shoot cultures than in plants from nature. The radical scavenging activity of plant extracts and xanthones was investigated by DPPH test. Samples from plants grown in nature showed the highest activity (IC₅₀ = 0.26 mg ml⁻¹), while the extracts of shoot cultures grown in media with higher concentrations of BA showed moderate activities (IC₅₀ from 1.6 to 4.4 mg ml⁻¹).
Shoot cultures of rare Balkan hyperaccumulating species Alyssum markgrafii were subjected to high nickel concentrations of 1, 3, 5, and 8 mM. The effects of graded nickel concentrations on toxicity, pigments, and several components of plant antioxidative defense system were characterized. Toxic effects of excess nickel were observed through slower growth and biomass decrease, together with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation. Nickel exposure decreased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll as well as carotenoid concentration. Addition of sodium benzoate, potent ROS scavenger, showed concentration-dependent disturbing effect on nickel hyperaccumulation, lowering the content of accumulated nickel in A. markgrafii shoots. General reducing power represented by low molecular weight antioxidants and phenols was inversely correlated with nickel concentration. Among the investigated antioxidative enzymes, POD seems to play important role in ROS level regulation upon excessive nickel in medium.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sucrose on shoot regeneration potential in Hypericum perforatum L. roots obtained by Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformation. The morphological evaluation of transgenic roots grown on media supplemented with sucrose (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 %) indicated that both genotype and sucrose concentration significantly affected root elongation and branching, as well as shoot regeneration. For two of five analyzed clones, lower sucrose concentrations (up to 2 %) led to intensive shoot regeneration, while the other three clones intensified shoot development only at elevated sucrose concentrations (4 %). For all clones, concentrations above 4 % had a deleterious effect on both root and shoot development. Genetic characterization of regenerated shoots revealed that all tested clones were diploid with an average of 0.670 ± 0.002 pg of DNA per nucleus, with no significant differences between transgenic and non-transformed plants and, according to PCR, with integrated A. rhizogenes rolA, -B, -C and -D genes. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed the expression of rolA, -B and -C, while expression of the rolD gene was not detected. Differences were detected in the absolute amounts of transcripts between analyzed clones, with the highest levels of expression for all three analyzed rol genes in a clone previously defined as having high root differentiation and less effective shoot regeneration potential. The observed variations in morphogenesis potential could be attributed to different levels of expression of integrated rolA, -B and -Cgenes; while sucrose additionally pointed out these trends.
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