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Studies on amphibians of permanent water bodies and marshes in the Wawer district of Warsaw were carried out in the spring of 2007. This terrain is situated on the right bank of the Vistula River, and is one of the least urbanized areas of the city. In this study, species composition, frequency of occurrence and number of individuals on breeding sites were determined. Surprisingly, only six amphibian species were found, which was two times lower than found during previous research in the left bank area of Warsaw. The most common species occurring in Wawer were: moor frog (Rana arvalis) and common toad (Bufo bufo). Only 69.2 % of permanent water bodies were inhabited by any amphibian species. To enable future comparative studies to be made on the impact of urban development and increased human activity on local amphibian populations, the precise locality of breeding sites were provided.
For many reasons urban environment cannot affect positively on amphibian fauna, thus the most of amphibian species decrease in their abundance, become endangered or simply extinct in such areas. Scattered, inconsistent, sometimes simply not available data on amphibian fauna in towns do not facilitate action to protect the species. Therefore the collecting and compiling of the studies on amphibian fauna of different towns of Poland is important for the further research to reveal general rules in changes connected with urbanization. In sum, in 9 Polish towns 13 amphibian species plus one natural hybrid - the edible frog Rana kl. esculenta Linnaeus, 1758 were recorded. Eight to thirteen taxa were found in a town and it may be assumed that lack of other species occurring in Poland is connected only with their limited ranges. The current knowledge presented in the collected articles can become the starting point for the further studies on amphibian occurrence in urban environment and for appropriate protective measures in towns.
Individual marking is necessary for determining various elements of species ecology, but toe-clipping — a method frequently used in amphibian studies, is recently being questioned. Three water bodies (of 0.3 to 1.5 ha in size) used by common Bufo bufo for breeding, located within a large city (Warsaw, Central Poland), were chosen for the study. Captured toads had Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT) subcutaneously implanted under laboratory conditions. Marked toads were searched in consecutive breeding seasons. The recapture rate of males in particular ponds was up to 13% — much lower than in other studies carried out in non-urban habitats. 77% of re-trapped individuals were found in the next season after tagging. There were no differences in the frequency of re-trapped individuals in relation to the toe-clipping treatment, as some marked individuals had part of the toe (two phalanges) clipped for skelotochronological analyses. An individual from this group was observed to have regenerated the clipped toe after one year. We did not find any indication of better body condition among the re-trapped individuals when comparing them to the marked toads at the time they were first captured. The important advantage of PIT tagging is the fact that all individuals are marked in the same way and their handling is similar. This makes it possible to compare various demographic parameters (growth rate, survival etc.). In addition, the number of animals that can be permanently marked using PITs is several times higher than through the use of codes resulting from the clipping of fingers and toes.
The research was carried out on 100 water bodies, from 1998 to 2000. There were 87 water reservoirs located in the area of Białystok, another 13 reservoirs were located in the Białystok surroundings, but outside the administrative boundaries (up to 2.5 km away). Several physical features of the breeding ponds in our study as well as their surroundings were described to determine the urbanization pressure in a given area. The frequency of occurrence of particular amphibian species and their number were determined. In the study area, amphibians belonging to 12 species (with one genetic hybrid) were found. Due to problems identifying "green frogs", they were put into one group for most of analyses. The most frequent amphibians within the administrative boundaries of Białystok were: the "green frogs" (observed in 66.6% of studied water bodies), the common frog (65.5%) and the moor frog (49.4%). These species occurred throughout the entire city. The rarest amphibian species were observed only on the outskirts of Białystok. They were: the crested newt (2.3%) and the natterjack (3.4%). The green toad is considered to be a species less sensitive to urbanization pressure. Paradoxically, it was rarely found in Białystok (9.2%) and only 22.2% of its breeding sites were located in the city centre.
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