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Background: Research on the development and topography of mouse coronary arteries has been conducted for many years. Patterns of the course of these vessels have been described in various mouse strains. Our research focused on hearts of MIZZ mice. Materials and methods: We visualised the coronary artery system by means of latex dye perfusion via the aorta. The injected latex did not reach the capillary vessel system. Results: The heart of MIZZ mice is supplied with blood by two main coronary arteries: the right and the left one. They deliver blood to the right and left part of the heart, respectively. The right coronary artery arises from the right sinus of the aorta and the left coronary artery from the left sinus. The interventricular septum is usually supplied by the septal artery, which is the main branch of the right coronary artery. All arteries of the coronary system run intramurally. The number of branches and the location of their ostia differed among the examined individuals. Conclusions: Detailed information about the normal topography of coronary arteries, the number and course of their branches, as well as the area of the heart which is vascularised by these vessels constitutes the basic knowledge necessary to conduct further experiments. (Folia Morphol 2020; 79, 2: 255–264)
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of copper and magnesium on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and concentration of malonyldialdehyde, ceruloplasmin, ascorbic acid, and total antioxidant status in the blood of cows from deficient regions. The research was conducted on a sample of 33 cows. The cows coming from deficient regions were divided into 3 groups: I (control), II and III (experimental) taking into account supplements. The mineral supplements were used as chemical compounds: copper for group II as Cu SO₄ · 5 H₂O, magnesium for group III as MgO. Samples of fodder were taken to determine copper and magnesium. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein to estimate magnesium, copper, and superoxide dismutase activity and concentration of malonyldialdehyde, ceruloplasmin, ascorbic acid, and total antioxidant status. The concentration of copper and magnesium was lower in the blood of cows from the control group than that of the cows from the experimental groups. However, the concentration of malonyldialdehyde was higher in the control group than in the experimental groups. In the control group the superoxide dismutase activity, the concentration of ceruloplasmin and total antioxidant status were lower than in the experimental groups. Ascorbic acid concentration in the blood of cows from the control group was higher than in the experimental groups. The obtained data show that cooper and magnesium play an important role in many antioxidative mechanisms in the transition period of dairy cows.
Bovine hyperkeratosis is a polyetiologic disease that is increasingly widespread at high milk yielding dairy farms. Clinical manifestation is characterized by focal skin lesions with distinct borders. A clinical study and observation were carried out on 26 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. During the initial phase of the condition, the skin of the affected cows was itchy, hence the animals tended to lick the skin lesions, or else rub against surrounding objects, with the resultant formation of single spots of raised coat and skin flaking resembling dandruff. These changes appeared on the posterolateral upper sides of the pelvic limbs and around the vulva. Distinct thickening of the wrinkled skin was observed as a result of excessive growth of the epidermis. The superficial part of the skin on major portions of the lesions was dry, corrugated and covered with numerous scales. The epidermis was dry, thickened and rough, with cracks showing the reddened dermal layer. When touched, the animals reacted as if in pain. The disease generally progressed into a chronic condition. In the studied cases, histopathological examination confirmed hyperkeratosis with widened hair follicle infundibulums filled with keratin, the swelling of sweat glands, epithelial atrophy of sweat glands, infiltration of inflammatory cells between and around blood vessels, and massive expansion of keratinized layers of the epidermis. The content of both calcium and magnesium as well as copper, zinc, iron and manganese in grain, roughage, mineral mixtures and in other feeds met the requirements of dairy cows. Blood biochemistry profiles revealed only slightly lower serum calcium values, while zinc values were within the reference range. However, the zinc concentration in skeletal muscles and in the skin was reduced. The mean serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the tested animals was also somewhat decreased. Adverse environmental factors such as direct skin contact with faeces and urine as well as zinc deficiency in the cows’ tissues were significant factors in the formation of skin lesions characteristic for hyperkeratosis.
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