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A two-step procedure including affinity chromatography for purification of rye germ ribosomal nuclease that degrades double-stranded RNA from a virus of Penicillium chrysogenum and the poly(I).poIy(C) complex was developed. The specific activity towards poly(I).poly(C) of the obtained nuclease preparations was 30 times as high as that of ribosomes. The recovery of activity was 3.4% when the Octyl-Sepharose column was used, and 2.0% in the case of the Phenyl-Sepharose column. On polyacrylamide/SDS gel electrophoresis the nu­clease was resolved into two proteins of molecular mass 62 kDa and 57 kDa, respectively. 2-Mercaptoethanol and Mn2+ stimulated the activity of the puri­fied enzyme. Glycerol (20%-50% concentration) stabilized enzyme. In addition to activity towards dsRNA and ssRNA the enzyme cleaves native and denatured DNA. It is suggested that this type of a nuclease takes part in regulation of the mRNA level in cytoplasm.
Novel 6-phenylselenenyl-5-propyluracils were synthesized from 5-propyluracil with the use of regioselective synthesis to give 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)-methyl]-6-phenylselenenyl-5-propyluracil (6), 1-ethoxymethyl-6-phenylselenenyl-5-propyluracil (9) and 1-benzyloxymethyl-6-phenylselenenyl-5-propyluracil (10). Interaction of these compounds with recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) was evaluated using a non-isotopic colorimetric method. Compounds 9 and 10 exerted potent HIV RT inhibition (IC500.06 and 0.05 μM respectively) while compound 6 showed moderate inhibition (IC50=3.5 μM). Potent anti-HIV-1 activity in MT-2 cells inoculated by a syncythia-in-ducing HIV-1 (cat #3 strain) laboratory isolate was exerted by compounds 9 and 10 (EC500.62 μM and 0.025 μM, respectively), while compound 6 showed only moderate activity (IC50=4.1 μM). In addition, compound 10 showed very good in vitro therapeutic index (TI > 2046), indicating that it is a potential anti-HIV/AIDS drug.
RNA nucleoside triphosphatases (NTPase)/helicases represent a large family of pro­teins that are ubiquitously distributed over a wide range of organisms. The enzymes play essential role in cell development and differentiation, and some of them are in­volved in transcription and replication of viral single-stranded RNA genomes. The en­zymatic activities of a NTPase/helicase were also detected in the carboxyl-terminal non-structural protein 3 (NS3) of members of the Flaviviridae family. The crucial role of the enzyme for the virus life cycle was demonstrated in knock out experiments and by using NTPase/helicase specific inhibitors. This makes the enzyme an attractive tar­get for development of Flaviviridae-specific antiviral therapies. This review will sum-marize our knowledge about the function and structure of the enzyme, update the spectrum of inhibitors of the enzymatic activities of the NTPase/helicase and describe the different mechanisms by which the compounds act. Some of the compounds reviewed herein could show potential utility as antiviral agents against Flaviviridae viruses.
In the presented study the ribavirin-TP — an established inhibitor of the NTPase ac­tivity of the superfamily NTPase/helicases II — was investigated as an inhibitor of the unwinding activity of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NTPase/helicase. The kinetics of the reaction revealed that ribavirin-TP reduces the turnover number of the helicase reac­tion by a mechanism that does not correspond to that of the inhibition of the NTPase activity. Our results suggest that derivatives of ribavirin-TP with enhanced stability towards hydrolytic attack may be effective inhibitors of the enzyme.
To enhance the inhibitory potential of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (ribavirin) vs hepatitis C virus (HCV) NTPase/helicase, ribavirin-5'-triphosphate (ribavirin-TP) was synthesized and investigated. Ribavirin-TP was prepared with the use of modified Yoshikawa-Ludwig-Mishra-Broom procedure (cf. Mishra & Broom, 1991, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun, 1276-1277) involving phosphorylation of unprotected nucleoside. Kinetic analysis revealed enhanced inhibitory potential of ribavirin-TP (IC50=40 µM) as compared to ribavirin (IC50 > 500 µM). Analysis of the inhibition type by means of graphical methods showed a competitive type of inhibition with respect to ATP. In view of the relatively low specificity towards nucleoside-5'-triphosphates (NTP) of the viral NTPase/helicases, it could not be ruled out that the investigated enzyme hydrolyzed the ribavirin-TP to less potent products. Investigations on non- hydrolysable analogs of ribavirin-TP or ribavirin-5'-diphosphate (ribavirin-DP) are currently under way.
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