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The paper presents the results of the study on fruit and seed morphology and anatomy of some chosen species of Hydrangeaceae. Fruit micromorphology, seed shape and size, seed coat pattern, testa thickness, and endosperm cells were investigated in Hydrangea heteromalla, H. paniculata, Philadelphus californicus, P. delavayi, P. incanus, P. inodorus, P. pubescens var. verrucosus, P. tenuifolius, Deutzia compacta, D. rubens, and D. scabra. Differences of potential taxonomic significance were found in the ornamentation of the fruit and the pistil surface in the Hydrangea species. The examined seeds were characterized by reticulate primary sculpture with different size and shape of the testa cells. The protrusive secondary sculpture was observed on the Hydrangea seeds. The seeds of the Philadelphus species were characterized by the rugate secondary sculpture. The seeds of the Deutzia species had sunken secondary sculpture of different patterns and these differentiations are of systematic importance. The endosperm cell walls were very thin in the Hydrangea and Philadelphus seeds, while they were evenly thick in the Deutzia seeds. That difference may be of systematic importance. The average thickness of the two-layered testa was 3.51–11.50 μm. Its inner and outer layers thickness varied from 2.27–9.25 μm and 1.24–4.05 μm, respectively. Most of the differences were found to be significant.
We performed the ultrastructural evaluation of presence and of some basic morphometric parameters of nemaline structures (NS) and Z band malformations in the musculus soleus fibres of rats kept in 7 months lasting immobilisation. Disturbances in Z band, leading to NS formation, were observed very often. Also numerous, classically rod-shaped NS were found in analyzed material. We demonstrate, for the first time in literature, that long-lasting hypokinesia induces NS formation. The pictures obtained may suggest successive steps in NS formation and maturation.
The aim of this work was to study the influence of hypokinetic conditions on the ovary and corpus luteum of pregnant rats. The rats were kept in hypokinetic conditions for 5 days in the period between the 13th and 18th days of pregnancy. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the ovary and corpora lutea and also a stereological evaluation of the luteal cells and their nuclei were performed using serially cut material. Hypokinesia caused a decrease in the mean volume of the ovary and individual corpus luteum and in the total volume of corpora lutea per ovary in immobilised animals as compared to the control. Moreover, a decrease was observed in the mean number of luteal cells and an increase in the size of these cells, as well as in the mean volume fraction of their nuclei. These results indicate that immobilisation of pregnant rats for 5 days considerably influences the morphology of the corpus luteum and luteal cells.
Arabidopsis thaliana AtNUDT7 Nudix pyrophosphatase hydrolyzes NADH and ADP-ribose in vitro and is an important factor in the cellular response to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. Several studies have shown that loss-of-function Atnudt7 mutant plants display many profound phenotypes. However the molecular mechanism of AtNUDT7 function remains elusive. To gain a better understanding of this hydrolase cellular role, proteins interacting with AtNUDT7 were identified. Using AtNUDT7 as a bait in an in vitro binding assay of proteins derived from cultured Arabidopsis cell extracts we identified the regulatory protein RACK1A as an AtNUDT7-interactor. RACK1A-AtNUDT7 interaction was confirmed in a yeast two-hybrid assay and in a pull-down assay and in Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) analysis of the proteins transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts. However, no influence of RACK1A on AtNUDT7 hydrolase catalytic activity was observed. In vitro interaction between RACK1A and the AGG1 and AGG2 gamma subunits of the signal transducing heterotrimeric G protein was also detected and confirmed in BiFC assays. Moreover, association between AtNUDT7 and both AGG1 and AGG2 subunits was observed in Arabidopsis protoplasts, although binding of these proteins could not be detected in vitro. Based on the observed interactions we conclude that the AtNUDT7 Nudix hydrolase forms complexes in vitro and in vivo with regulatory proteins involved in signal transduction. Moreover, we provide the initial evidence that both signal transducing gamma subunits bind the regulatory RACK1A protein.
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