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1

Kinematics tactics in swimming races on the example of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and the Rome 2009 World Championships

100%
Lipinska P.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2011
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tom 03
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nr 4
Tactics in endurance disciplines is often considered by a analysis of distribution of velocity at a distance. Long-distance swimming (800m, 1500m) is a discipline perfectly located in the above definition. Thus the purpose of the paper is to deepen knowledge on sport tactics based on the distribution of velocity by athletes training swimming at the highest level.The research material comprised finalists of the swimming race on the 800 meters at the Olympic Games in Beijing (2008) and the World Championships in Rome (2009). Data on the average speed for the entire distance and average speed for the 50-meter segments were analyzed. The average speed for the "halves" (350m and 400m) and "quarters" (150m, 200m, 200m, 200m) was calculated, and the specific "velocity differences index" was also identified (VDI). To illustrate the results better, a linear and non-linear regression equation was used.The results show that the top athletes both of the Beijing Olympics and the World Championships in Rome maintain consistency of the pace; deviations from the average velocity are low, and increasing speed happens at the finish. The analysis of non-linear regression equation confirms this observation. The second "half" of the distance is covered by the best swimmer at higher speeds compared to the first part of the distance; the analysis of "quarters" indicates that the middle one is the slowest. The values of VDI for "halves" have the lowest values in both races for the best swimmers.The analysis of results justifies the conclusion that primarily it is the constant pace of the race that gives a chance to obtain a high result. The ultimate way in which the race is to be executed depends on athlete's individual predispositions; however, maintaining a constant high speed without speeding up at the finish proved to be an effective tactic in the case of one of the top athletes in both races.
2

Kinematic tactics in the women's 800 m freestyle swimming final at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

100%
Lipinska P.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2009
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tom 01
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nr 1
The purpose of this study was to obtain knowledge on tactics of long distance swimming at the highest women professional level.Eight swimmers, finalists of 800 m distance of freestyle of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games were examined. The distribution of velocity of swimming for the entire distance based on 50 m segments was analyzed. Partial, halves and quarters velocity, speed indexes and linear and nonlinear regression equations were calculated.It was revealed that better swimmers (placed 1-3) had their distribution of swimming as an ascending line and with very small difference between segmental velocity and that of the entire distance, while the rest of swimmers had a descending velocity line and a higher dispersion of partial values.High performance swimmers have to hold uniform velocity of movement with small dispersion along the entire distance of swimming.
3

Laboratory tests and game performance of young soccer players

63%
Lipinska P., Szwarc A.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2016
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tom 23
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nr 1
Introduction. Results of laboratory tests could be treated as a valuable source of information about players’ physical fitness. Aim of Study. The purpose of this study was to identify laboratory physical fitness tests that could be useful for predicting competences of 17-year-old soccer players. Material and Methods. Selected components of players’ physical fitness were assessed and the effectiveness of game performance was evaluated in a group of eighteen young soccer players. The following parameters were measured: anthropometric measurements, anaerobic and aerobic capacity, locomotion speed, explosive strength of the lower limbs, reaction time, and balance. Results. The results achieved in laboratory and exercise tests were converted into ranks. An assessment of players’ effectiveness in one-on-one games was made using special oneon-one test methodology, and a list of ranked game performances was prepared. On the basis of observations made by three independent experts, the participants were classified according to their “usefulness” for the game using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI). The ranking assessment of the effectiveness of one-on-one games and of a classified game was correlated with the results of laboratory tests. It was found that players with the highest scores in locomotion speed tests and in the explosive leg power test were also highly assessed by the experts with regard to the efficiency of their performance in one-on-one games as well as, to a slightly lesser degree, in the classified game. There was no significant relationship between the expert assessment of “usefulness” for the game and other tests. Conclusions. On the basis of strength-speed test results we may satisfactorily predict young soccer players’ efficiency of game performance.
4

Application of the as-4 software in research on players’ kinematics on a large area in 3D coordinates as an alternative to commercial programs

51%
Aschenbrenner P., Lipinska P., Erdmann W. S.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2012
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tom 04
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nr 3
Background: In this work an original computer program for the video analysis of players on a large area by using a single camera is presented. Video analysis is one of the basic research techniques of human movement applied in sport. A set of cameras and special computer software is used for this purpose. Many companies provide hardware and software, but, unfortunately, their high cost and difficulty in usage are their major drawbacks. In order to simplify and reduce the costs of data analysis (obtained from a single camera), AS-4 program was developed. Material/Methods: The program includes an original algorithm which enables positioning of the camera in any place. Specifying dimensions of the playing field and an object, the program automatically calculates a scale and transfers the data to the 3D matrix. Then, using flat transformation, 3D coordinates can be determined. Results: The algorithm was tested in the field. The accuracy of determining coordinates was studied in 3 areas and errors of the method were within an acceptable range. Conclusions: With the present program, it was possible to determine the kinematic parameters at any time during the movement. The accuracy of the program was sufficient to determine the 3D position. It can be used to determine the movement path over a large area and then to calculate velocity and acceleration.
5

The set of test tasks assessing special physical fitness of 17-year-old soccer players

51%
Szwarc A., Dolanski B., Lipinska P.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2015
|
tom 07
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nr 1
Background: The objective of the research was to work out the set of test tasks assessing special physical fitness of 17-year-old soccer players. Material/Methods: At first, on the basis of the analysis of the said issue in literature and the authors’ own coaching experience, 13 test tasks were selected. Next, reliability and accuracy of the chosen test tasks were examined on the group of 16 athletes from the Centre of Sports training for youth in Gdansk. The reliability was assessed by the test-re-test method and the accuracy according to a criterion of internal accuracy tests. Except for one task, all efficiency tests met scientific requirements for motor tests. Finally, with the use of statistical analysis (linear regression equation, Hellwig’s algorithm of the optimal choice of explaining variables), four tests implementing most information for the assessment of game-play were chosen. Results: A four-task set of tests assessing selected components of physical fitness reflected 86.7% of the game-play of young competitors. Conclusions: Results of special physical fitness tests should be treated as important information about young athletes’ special physical efficiency, closely interdependent with the effectiveness of their activity in a classified game-play, but only when the tests themselves have previously been scientifically proved.
6

The influence of intention implementation on throw effectiveness of young basketball players

51%
Wilczynska D., Lipinska P., Wolujewicz-Czerlonko M.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2014
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tom 06
|
nr 4
Background: The purpose of the following research was to find out the influence of imaginary training based on intention implementation on throw effectiveness of young basketball players, both male and female in stressogenic situations. Individual differences (action vs state orientation) between players were also measured in this research. Material/Methods: 76 players (32 females and 44 males) in the cadet category (15-16 years old) from basketball clubs of Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot took part in this research. In the first stage all players did a throw efficiency test ERPE 05 under two conditions, and their heart rate was measured. Then players were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The first one did imaginary training based on the influence of intention implementation for 10 days, while the other did not. After 10 days ERPE 05 test under two conditions was run again. Results: Test results showed that intention implementation does not influence effectiveness improvement in stressogenic conditions as far as state-oriented players are concerned, but it does lower the physiological cost of physical effort in form of a decreased heart rate. Conclusions: This research proves that visualization training based on implementation instructions does influence young players’ physiology and significantly lowers their heart rate under stressogenic conditions. However useful, visualization techniques used in this research still need other tests and should be applied for a longer period of time to acutely show how they affect young players’ mental preparation.
7

Fatty acid profile of milk - A review

51%
Markiewicz-Keszycka M., Czyzak-Runowska G., Lipinska P., Wojtowski J.
Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy
|
2013
|
tom 57
|
nr 2
The article describes the recent data dealing with the fatty acid content in cow, goat, and sheep milk. A large body of evidence demonstrates that fatty acid profile in goat and sheep milk was similar to that of cow milk. Palmitic acid was the most abundant in milk. Goat milk had the highest C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0 content. Sheep milk was the richest source of conjugated linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Ewe's milk had lower value of n-6/n-3 then goat and cow milk.
8

The method of goalkeeper's evaluation in futsal

51%
Szwarc A., Oszmaniec M., Lipinska P.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2014
|
tom 06
|
nr 2
Background: The aim of this study was to develop a research tool used to assess the efficiency a goalkeeper’s actions in a game of futsal. Material/Methods: Author’s own proposal of an observation sheet was created and subject to a validation procedure. To assess intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability, the ICC test was used. Results: There was a strong compatibility of ratings of the intra-rater reliability – 1.00 (95% Cl 1.00-1.00) and the inter-rater reliability – 0.99 (95% CI 0.99-1.00), which proves the reliability of the proposed research tool. Conclusions: The developed sheet allows the registration and evaluation of individual performance and cooperation in terms of goalkeeper’s game objectives pursued both in offence and defence.
9

The efficiency model of goalkeeper's actions in soccer

51%
Szwarc A., Lipinska P., Chamera M.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2010
|
tom 02
|
nr 2
The purpose of this paper was to present cognitive models illustrating efficiency of the goalkeeper's actions in soccer based on observation of play in selected matches of the Euro 2008 finals.The observation method was used in the study. The play of both goalkeepers was analysed in 7 soccer matches in a cup phase of the European Championships which took place in Portugal in 2008. The data was recorded on the authors' observation forms. Activity, effectiveness and reliability during both offensive and defensive actions were subject to this examination.It was revealed that most actions of the goalkeeper are aimed at taking control of the field of play or keeping possession of the ball; creating goal scoring opportunity represents only a small percentage of offensive actions. Defensive actions are generally performed individually and the highest reliability is reported while catching the ball.Efficiency models of goalkeepers' actions should be used to create models of play for players representing a lower level of sports competence in order to improve the effectiveness of their game play. One should continue further study to improve a research tool so as to evaluate other, important from the point of view of the game's objectives, actions definitely dependent on team mates' behavior.
10

The efficiency of players of action-effective football teams in one against one situations

51%
Szwarc A., Kromke K., Lipinska P.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2012
|
tom 04
|
nr 2
Background: The aim of this study was to identify and compare the efficiency of action-effective football players in one against one situations (1×1). Material/Methods: The game of winning teams' players was observed in four matches and two semi-final meetings of the European Championships tournament in 2004 and 2008. Visual recording was monitored using a freeze-frame function and data about the players' game were recorded on observation sheet by Szwarc. The activity, effectiveness and reliability of individual offensive and defensive actions were estimated. Results: It was found that on average players of the best teams in Europe participated in 216 1×1 battles (from 184 to 273) in one game, with an average reliability of 52%. Conclusions: Furthermore, it was proved that players-champions engaged equally often and with the same effectiveness in both individual defensive measures and offensive actions.
11

Oxidative stability of ostrich meat related to duration of linseed and lucerne supplementation to the bird's diet

39%
Jozwik A., Polawska E., Zdanowska-Sasiadek Z., Lipinska P., Kawka M., Guzek D., Strzalkowska N.
Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy
|
2015
|
tom 59
|
nr 1
The effect of dietary linseed and lucerne supplementation on the oxidative stability of ostrich meat expressed by changes in concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and in activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), was studied. The feeding regimens were as follows: C - control group, L - 4% supplement of linseed, L-L45, L-L55, L-L65, and L-L75 - 4% supplement of linseed and supplement of lucerne added to the birds' diet at 45, 55, 65, and 75 kg b.w. The highest level of GSH was recorded in L-L65 group, whereas the highest activity of SOD was observed in C, L-L65 and L-L75 groups. Among all groups, the long-term linseed and lucerne supplementation reduced the antioxidant potential of ostrich meat, especially in L-L45 and L-L55 groups, which was reflected in the highest level of MDA and the lowest activity of SOD. Thus, the optimal results after linseed and lucerne supplementation with regard to ostrich meat oxidative stability were reported in groups L-L65 and L-L75, approximately three to four months prior to slaughter.
12

Wpływ stresu na wydajność i jakość mleka oraz płodność wysoko wydajnych krów mlecznych

39%
Strzalkowska N., Markiewicz-Keszycka M., Krzyzewski J., Bagnicka E., Lipinska P., Jozwik A.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
|
2014
|
tom 70
|
nr 02
The aim of this paper was to present the relationship between different kinds of stress and the milk yield, its chemical composition, and disorders of reproductive functions in high-yielding dairy cows. Failure to satisfy adequately the demand of cows for nutrients, in combination with inappropriate conditions of maintenance, causes substantial disorders in their metabolic processes, described as stress. This leads to the premature culling of cows as a result of such diseases as mastitis, laminitis/lameness, displaced abomasum, endometritis, retained placenta, dysfunction of ovaries, infertility, clinical ketosis, acidosis, etc. The literature indicates that these negative phenomena are associated with various kinds of metabolic, oxidizing, thermal, or psychological stress. Each kind of stress has an adverse effect on the health status, on the yield and quality of the milk and on the reproductive traits of high-yielding dairy cows. An excessive generation of reactive forms of oxygen damages luteal cell membranes and affects progesterone production. This condition may lead to a failure in embryo development, increasing days open and extending calving intervals. Adverse effects related to stress can be reduced or totally eliminated by adapting the general conditions of the external environment (especially feeding and maintenance) to the requirements of high-yielding dairy cows.
13

A relationship between somatic cell count, polymorphic form of beta4-defensin and susceptibility of cow milk fat to lipolysis

33%
Strzalkowska N., Jozwik A., Polawska E., Zdanowska-Sasiadek Z., Bagnicka E., Pyzel B., Lipinska P., Horbanczuk J. O.
Animal Science Papers and Reports
|
2014
|
tom 32
|
nr 4
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of somatic cell count and the polymorphic form of β4-defensin on the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) and physico-chemical characteristics of cow’s milk. The study was carried out on 120 Polish Holstein-Friesian Black and White dairy cows.The animals were maintained in a loose barn and fed with the TMR system according to the INRA norm. The animals were divided into groups according to their polymorphic form of the defensin β4 gene: 1st – CT (def-1); 2nd – CC (def-2) and into two groups in terms of their somatic cell count:1st - <3×105 (SCC-1) and 2nd – 3×105 – 6×105 (SCC-2) cell/ml. Milk samples were collected once a month during the whole lactation. Chemical composition and some physico-chemical parameters of milk were determined by automated infrared analysis with a Milkoscan FT2 instrument. SCC were evaluated using BactoCaunt IBCm. A relationship was found between polymorphic forms of the defensin gene and the level of FFA in milk directly after milking (CT
14

Relations between the oxidative status, mastitis, milk quality and disorders of reproductive functions in dairy cows - a review

33%
Jozwik A., Krzyzewski J., Strzalkowska N., Polawska E., Bagnicka E., Wierzbicka A., Niemczuk K., Lipinska P., Horbanczuk J. O.
Animal Science Papers and Reports
|
2012
|
tom 30
|
nr 4
Free radicals are natural final products of the intensive metabolism in cells located in organism high-yielding dairy cows. When the disturbing of homeostasis occurs, oxidative processes lead to oxidative stress which in high-yielding dairy cows cause inflammation of the mammary gland (mastitis). The inflammation can cause the reduction of milk yield and unfavourable changes in the milk composition, e.g. reduction in fat, casein proteins and calcium content with a simultaneous increase in the concentration of whey proteins, sodium and chlorine. Moreover, the activity of enzymes such a lipases, proteases, peroxides and the plasminogen in milk increases, negatively affecting its technological properties. In dairy cows the oxidative stress is associated with retaining placenta after calving and disrupting the activity of the corpus luteum, what affect the reproductive functions. The active immune response to inflammation leads to an increase in the secretion of other molecules having an adverse effect on embryo survival.
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