The article reviews the main milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) protein, butyrophilin. Butyrophilin is an acidic, transmembrane glycoprotein which reveals the general receptor structure. Its unique location within the cell, the domain structure of the protein and site-specific expression occurring only during lactation indicate that butyrophilin protein is of great importance in milk lipid secretion process.
A broad analysis of organisms is possible using molecular DNA as a marker. Mitochondrial genome and genes present in mtDNA, e.g. cytochrome b gene, are widely used in investigations and the significance of this research is becoming increasing. This gene is coded by heavy (H) strand of mtDNA. Cytochrome b is one of 11 subunits composed of bc1 complex of respiratory chain of mitochondria, the sequence of which is written down in the mitochondrial genome. Cytochrome b gene traits are a slow rate of variations during evolution, the presence of some parts of the gene that are more conserved and those which show high divergence rates. Those traits make the cytochrome b gene useful as a marker in many analyses. The cytochrome b gene is used as a tool in such studies as: legal and veterinary medicine, palaeontology, as well as phylogenetics, and it can attain the status of a universal metric.
Określono zależności między okresem przechowywania i rodzajem opakowania a zmianami zawartości jonów Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+ i Ca2+ w wodzie ze źródła „Wiesława” z Buska Zdroju. Badana woda zawiera stosunkowo duże ilości sodu i potasu oraz magnezu i wapnia, które w pewnym stopniu wzrastały (głównie sodu i wapnia) w czasie przechowywania wody w szklanych butelkach, a nie zmieniały się w butelkach plastikowych.
The aim of the study was to measure concentrations of selected essential elements (Zn, Cu, Se) in renal cortex and neoplastic tissue as well as their excretion in urine in subjects with diagnosed renal neoplasm. The study was performed in three groups: the investigated group (subjects with diagnosed renal neoplasm, who underwent single nephrectomy), the control group in vivo (healthy subjects), the control group post mortem (dead subjects). The levels of the tested elements in renal cortex in subjects with renal neoplasm did not differ basically from the levels observed in the control group post mortem, however they were significantly higher in renal cortex than in neoplastic tissue. This is particularly related to Zn, which is known to cumulate in renal cortex. In subjects with renal neoplasm increased excretion in urine of nearly all the tested elements was observed before nephrectomy. This phenomenon is most pronounced for whole protein and copper.
The aim of the work is to confirm the species differentiation of the nematodes of the Amidostomatidae family: Amidostomoides acutum (Lundahl, 1848) Lomakin, 1991; Amidostomoides monodon (Linstow, 1882) Lomakin, 1991, and Amidostomoides petrovi (Shakhtahtinskaya, 1956) Lomakin, 1991, which still are used in the parasitological literature as synonyms of Amidostomum acutum (Lundahl, 1848). The research material consisted of nematodes isolated from gizzards of dabbling ducks from the north-west of Poland. To confirm the species differentiation, DNA from the nematodes was isolated and approximately 630bp of the 28S rRNA gene were sequenced. The obtained DNA sequences were tabulated and then phylogenetic analysis were conducted using the UPGMA method. The results of the research distinctly diversify the nematodes of the genus Amidostomoides at the DNA level, which together with morphological and ecological differences among them (hosts from different systematic groups) enables to classify them into the separate species.
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