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The raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray, 1839) is an introduced canine species, currently widely distributed in Europe. The raccoon dog is a relatively new alien predator in Polish fauna and can be considered a threat to the native species. However, little is known about its distribution or habitat selection in western Poland. Until the 1970s, only 20 single records of raccoon dogs in the western and south-western parts'of Poland had been noted. New data on the numbers of raccoon dogs, its distribution and habitat preferences in the western Poland have been collected using questionnaires. 289 new localities have been reported. Raccoon dogs have been observed mostly in five types of habitats: forests, arable fields, banks of water bodies, roads and human settlements, wet meadows and marshes.
Difficulties in investigating shrews in the wild in winter, especially in trapping them and keeping them alive during live-trapping studies, have been the main reason for serious deficiencies in our knowledge of their ecology. We developed a live-trapping protocol which allowed us to maximise capture rates and minimise mortality of shrews. We used wooden box traps with a nest-chamber, which we set in plywood ‘chimneys’ with removable roofs. Chimneys facilitated suitable positioning of traps and protected them from being blocked by snow. This resulted in a high trappability (up to 20.2 shrews and 8.2 voles per 1000 trap hours), a large proportion of recaptures (most shrews were recaptured, often repeatedly) and a very low mortality rate (<0.09 shrews and 0 rodents per 1000 trap hours) despite sub-zero temperatures and deep snow cover. This allowed us to pursue an intensive live-trapping study, using the CMR-method, of shrews wintering in the Narewka river valley (north-east Poland). Because of the high trappability and minimal mortality, the presented protocol can be recommended to study winter ecology and conservation biology of such fragile and strictly protected small mammals as shrews.
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