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Exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during processing of peppermint and chamomile herbs on farms

100%

Skorska C., Sitkowska J., Krysinska-Traczyk E., Cholewa G., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2005

|

tom 12

|

nr 2

281-288

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of microorganisms, dust and endotoxin in the air during processing of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and chamomile (Matricaria recutita) by herb farmers, and to examine the species composition of airborne microflora. Air samples were collected on glass fibre filters by use of personal samplers on 13 farms owned by herb cultivating farmers, located in Lublin province (eastern Poland). The concentrations of total viable microorganisms (bacteria + fungi) in the farm air during processing of peppermint herb were large, within a range from 895.1-6,015.8 x 103 cfu/m3 (median 1,055.3 x 103 cfu/m3). During processing of chamomile herb they were much lower and varied within a range from 0.88-295.6 x 103 cfu/m3 (median 27.3 x 103 cfu/m3). Gram-negative bacteria distinctly prevailed during processing of peppermint leaves, forming 46.4-88.5% of the total airborne microflora. During processing of chamomile herb, Gram-negative bacteria were dominant at 3 out of 6 sampling sites forming 54.7-75.3% of total microflora, whereas at the remaining 3 sites the most common were fungi forming 46.2-99.9% of the total count. The species Pantoea agglomerans (synonyms: Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter agglomerans), having strong allergenic and endotoxic properties, distinctly prevailed among Gram-negative isolates. Among fungi, the most common species was Alternaria alternata. The concentrations of airborne dust and endotoxin determined on the examined herb farms were large. The concentrations of airborne dust during peppermint and chamomile processing ranged from 86.7-958.9 mg/m3, and from 1.1-499.2 mg/m3, respectively (medians 552.3 mg/m3 and 12.3 mg/m3). The concentrations of airborne endotoxin determined during peppermint and chamomile processing were within a wide range 1.53-208.33 µg/m3 and 0.005-2604.19 µg/m3 respectively (medians 57.3 µg/m3 and 0.96 µg/m3). In conclusion, farmers cultivating peppermint are exposed during processing of this herb to large concentrations of airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin posing a risk of work-related respiratory disease. The exposure to bioaerosols during processing of chamomile is lower; nevertheless, peak values create a respiratory risk for exposed farmers.

2

Fungal diversity of root vegetables and soil rhizosphere collected from organic and conventional farms in Eastern Poland

100%

Klapec T., Cholewa G., Cholewa A., Dutkiewicz J., Wojcik-Fatla A.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2018

|

tom 25

|

nr 2

3

The effect of fruit on the extracellular enzyme profiles of fungi

100%

Farian E., Cholewa G., Cholewa A., Matczuk M., Wojcik-Fatla A.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2020

|

tom 27

|

nr 4

4

Exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during processing of valerian roots on farms

100%

Skorska C., Sitkowska J., Krysinska-Traczyk E., Cholewa G., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2005

|

tom 12

|

nr 1

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of microorganisms, dust and endotoxin in the air during various stages of valerian (Valeriana officinalis) roots processing by herb farmers and to examine the species composition of airborne microflora. Air samples were collected on glass fibre filters by use of personal samplers on 15 farms owned by valerian cultivating farmers, located in Lublin province (eastern Poland). The concentrations of total viable microorganisms (bacteria + fungi) in the air showed a marked variability and were within a range of 0.95-7,966.6 × 103 cfu/m3. Though median was relatively low (10.75 × 103 cfu/m3), on 4 farms the concentrations exceeded the level of 105 cfu/m3 and on 1 farm the level of 106 cfu/m3. During the processing of valerian roots, distinct changes could be observed in the composition of airborne microflora. In the first stages of processing, the freshly dug and washed roots until shaking in the drying room, the most numerous were Gram-negative bacteria of the family Pseudomonadaceae (mostly Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas fluorescens). After drying, the dominant organisms were thermo-resistant endospore-forming bacilli (Bacillus spp.) and fungi, among which prevailed Aspergillus fumigatus. Altogether, 29 species or genera of bacteria and 19 species or genera of fungi were identified in the farm air during valerian processing, of these, 10 and 12 species or genera respectively were reported as having allergenic and/or immunotoxic properties. The concentrations of airborne dust and endotoxin on the examined farms were very large and ranged from 10.0-776.7 mg/m3, and from 0.15-24,448.2 µg/m3, respectively (medians 198.3 mg/m3 and 40.48 µg/m3). In conclusion, farmers cultivating valerian could be exposed during processing of valerian roots to large concentrations of airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin posing a risk of work-related respiratory disease.

5

Exposure to airborne microorganisms and endotoxin in a potato processing plant

100%

Dutkiewicz J., Krysinska-Traczyk E., Skorska C., Cholewa G., Sitkowska J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2002

|

tom 09

|

nr 2

6

Exposure to airborne gram-negative bacteria, dust and endotoxin in paper factories

100%

Prazmo Z., Dutkiewicz J., Skorska C., Sitkowska J., Cholewa G.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2003

|

tom 10

|

nr 1

Air samples for determination of the concentration of Gram-negative bacteria, dust and endotoxin were collected at 10 sites in 2 large pulp and paper mills (paper factories) located in northern Poland, of which one (plant "A") was an older type facility while the other (plant "B") was a modern, fully automated factory with an effective ventilatory system. In both factories paper was produced from wood chips derived mostly from Scots pine. The concentrations of Gram-negative bacteria in the air of examined factories were within a range of 11.0-310.0 cfu/m3, being greatest in the old type factory "A" at the initial stages of production cycle comprising handling of chips and pulp production. The mean value for these sites (246.9 cfu/m3) was significantly greater (t-test, p < 0.01) compared to final stages of paper production in the same factory (mean 32.1 cfu/m3) and to corresponding stages of chip handling in the modern "B" factory (mean 94.4 cfu/m3). The values of the respirable fraction of airborne Gram-negative flora were at most sites within a range of 40.0-56.9%. The species of the family Enterobacteriaceacae, mostly belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Pantoea, Rahnella and Klebsiella, distinctly prevailed in the air of the examined factories. Altogether, 19 species or genera of Gram-negative bacteria were identified in the collected air samples, out of these 9 were reported as having allergenic, immunotoxic and/or infectious properties. The concentration of dust in the air of paper factories ranged from 0.13-3.9 mg/m3 and never exceeded the safe level. The concentration of bacterial endotoxin in the air of paper factories varied within a fairly wide range of 0.0042-2.5 µg/m3. At 4 sites associated with initial chip handling and pulp production large concentrations of airborne endotoxin between 0.2-2.5 µg/m3 were found, significantly exceeding suggested safe levels. In conclusion, despite Gram-negative bacteria occur in the air of paper mills in relatively low concentrations which never exceeded the value of 1,000 cfu/m3 proposed as safe level, they may exert adverse effects on exposed workers, as evidenced by high concentrations of airborne endotoxin and the presence of numerous potentially pathogenic species. Thus, these microorganisms pose a potential risk of respiratory disease for the workers of pulp and paper mills, in particular for those engaged in handling of wood chips and production of pulp.

7

Exposure of Indian agricultural workers to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during handling of various plant products

86%

Krysinska-Traczyk E., Pande B. N., Skorska C., Sitkowska J., Prazmo Z., Cholewa G., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2005

|

tom 12

|

nr 2

269-275

Microbiological air sampling with the use of personal sampler was performed in 14 small agricultural facilities located in Aurangabad (Southern India), including 5 farms (at harvesting and threshing), 6 godowns (small food storing and processing settings) and 3 grain or cotton mills. In 12 facilities, including harvesting on farms, godowns and mills, concentrations of airborne microorganisms were relatively low, ranging from 1.5 x 103 - 8.2 x 104 cfu/m3. The striking rise in the concentrations of airborne microbes, by 2-4 orders of magnitude, was noted on 2 farms during threshing of maize (4.2 x 106 cfu/m3) and pearl millet (1.1 x 107 cfu/m3). This was due to release of large quantities of bacteria. During threshing of maize, the most common microorganisms were thermophilic actinomycetes (40% of the total count) and mesophilic actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces (39%), while during threshing of pearl millet the most abundant were corynebacteria (68%) and Gram-negative bacteria (22%). Mesophilic bacteria formed 16.7-100% of the total airborne microflora and were prevalent in 11 out of 14 facilities. Thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi formed respectively 0-43.1% and 0-83.3% of the total count and were prevalent in 1 and 2 facilities. The concentrations of airborne dust and endotoxin recorded in the examined agricultural facilities, in most cases were very large and ranged from 2.5-257.5 mg/m3, and from 0.0625-125.0 µg/m3, respectively. In 10 out of 14 facilities, the concentrations of dust were of the order 101-102 mg/m3, ranging from 25.0-257.5 mg/m3. Similarly, in 7 out of 14 facilities the concentrations of endotoxin were of the order 101-102 µg/m3, ranging from 31.25-125.0 µg/m3. In conclusion, Indian agricultural workers could be exposed during handling of various plant materials to airborne biological hazards posing a risk of work-related respiratory disease. Of these, the most important are: bacterial endotoxin and allergenic species of bacteria and fungi. The greatest risk occurs at threshing of pearl millet and maize which requests an application of the appropriate prevention measures, such as wearing respirators by the workers and using modern threshing machines reducing the dustiness.

8

Badania nad alergicznymi uwarunkowaniami pneumopatii bydla, wyniklych z wdychania zawartych w pylach organicznych pneumoalergenow

86%

Pomorski Z. J. H., Dutkiewicz J., Taszkun I., Wozniak M., Sitkowski W., Skorska C., Cholewa G.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio DD:Medicina Veterinaria

|

1993

|

tom 48

183-193

9

Levels of filamentous fungi and selected mycotoxins in leafy and fruit vegetables and analysis of their potential health risk for consumers

86%

Klapec T., Wojcik-Fatla A., Farian E., Kowalczyk K., Cholewa G., Cholewa A., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2021

|

tom 28

|

nr 4

10

Mycobiota of berry fruits - levels of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins, composition of fungi, and analysis of potential health risk for consumers

86%

Klapec T., Wojcik-Fatla A., Farian E., Kowalczyk K., Cholewa G., Cholewa A., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2022

|

tom 29

|

nr 1

11

Mycobiota and mycotoxins in various kinds of vegetables and fruits as potential health risk factors for consumers - summary of a multiyear study

86%

Klapec T., Wojcik-Fatla A., Farian E., Kowalczyk K., Cholewa G., Cholewa A., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2022

|

tom 29

|

nr 2

12

Exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during flax scutching on farms

86%

Krysinska-Traczyk E., Skorska C., Prazmo Z., Sitkowska J., Cholewa G., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2004

|

tom 11

|

nr 2

Microbiological air sampling was performed on 5 flax farms located in eastern Poland. Air samples for determination of the concentrations of microorganisms, dust and endotoxin were collected in barns during machine scutching of flax stems by the farmers. The concentrations of mesophilic bacteria ranged from 203.5-698.8 × 103 cfu/m3, of Gram-negative bacteria from 27.2-123.4 × 103 cfu/m3, of thermophilic actinomycetes from 0.5-2.6 × 103 cfu/m3, and of fungi from 23.4-99.8 × 103 cfu/m3. The concentrations of total airborne microorganisms (bacteria + fungi) were within a range of 245.0-741.0 × 103 cfu/m3. The values of the respirable fraction of total airborne microflora on the examined farms were between 45.5-98.3%. Corynebacteria (irregular Gram-positive rods, mostly Corynebacterium spp.) were dominant at all sampling sites, forming 46.8-67.8% of the total airborne microflora. Among Gram-negative bacteria, the most numerous species was Pantoea agglomerans (synonyms: Erwinia herbicola, Enterobacter agglomerans), known to have strong endotoxic and allergenic properties. Among fungi, the allergenic species Alternaria alternata prevailed. Altogether, 25 species or genera of bacteria and 10 species or genera of fungi were identified in the farm air during flax scutching; of these, 11 and 6 species or genera respectively were reported as having allergenic and/or immunotoxic properties. The concentrations of airborne dust ranged within 43.7-648.1 mg/m3 (median 93.6 mg/m3), exceeding on all farms the Polish OEL value of 4 mg/m3. The concentrations of airborne endotoxin ranged within 16.9-172.1 µg/m3 (median 30.0 µg/m3), exceeding at all sampling sites the suggested OEL value of 0.2 µg/m3. In conclusion, flax farmers performing machine scutching of flax could be exposed to large concentrations of airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin, posing a risk of work-related respiratory disease.

13

Precipitin response of potato processing workers to work-related microbial allergens

86%

Dutkiewicz J., Skorska C., Krysinska-Traczyk E., Cholewa G., Sitkowska J., Milanowski J., Gora A.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2002

|

tom 09

|

nr 2

14

Exposure to airborne microorganisms in furniture factories

86%

Krysinska-Traczyk E., Skorska C., Cholewa G., Sitkowska J., Milanowski J., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2002

|

tom 09

|

nr 1

15

Exposure to bioaerosols in a municipal sewage treatment plant

86%

Prazmo Z., Krysinska-Traczyk E., Skorska C., Sitkowska J., Cholewa G., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2003

|

tom 10

|

nr 2

16

Response of furniture factory workers to work-related airborne allergens

86%

Skorska C., Krysinska-Traczyk E., Milanowski J., Cholewa G., Sitkowska J., Gora A., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2002

|

tom 09

|

nr 1

17

Birch wetwood as a source of potential bacterial hazard for woodworkers

86%

Prazmo Z., Krysinska-Traczyk E., Skorska C., Sitkowska J., Cholewa G., Urbanowicz B., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

1996

|

tom 03

|

nr 1

18

Efficacy of a novel biofilter in hatchery sanitation: II. Removal of odorogenous pollutants

86%

Tymczyna L., Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska A., Drabik A., Skorska C., Sitkowska J., Cholewa G., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2007

|

tom 14

|

nr 1

The present research assessed the treatment effi ciency of odorogenous pollutants in air from a hatchery hall vented on organic and organic-mineral beds of an enclosed-container biofi lter. In this study, the following media were used: organic medium containing compost and peat (OM); organic-mineral medium containing bentonite, compost and peat (BM); organic-mineral medium containing halloysite, compost and peat (HM). The concentration of odorogenous gaseous pollutants (sulfur compounds and amines) in the hatching room air and in the air after biotreatment were determined by gas chromatography. In the hatchery hall among the typical odorogenous pollutants, there were determined 2 amines: 2-butanamine and 2-pentanamine, hydrogen sulfi de, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfi de, sulfi des and mercaptans. Ethyl mercaptan showed the highest levels as its mean concentration in the hatchery hall air exceeded 60 μg/m3 and in single samples even 800 μg/m3. A mean concentration of 2-butanamine and sulfur dioxide in the examined air also appeared to be relatively high – 21.405 μg/m3 and 15.279 μg/m3, respectively. In each fi lter material, the air treatment process ran in a different mode. As the comparison reveals, the mean reduction of odorogenous contaminants recorded in the hall and subjected to biotreatment was satisfying as it surpassed 60% for most established pollutants. These high removal values were confi rmed statistically only for single compounds. However, a low removal level was reported for hydrogen sulfi de and sulfur dioxide. No reduction was recorded in the bentonite supplemented medium (BM) for sulfur dioxide and methyl mercaptan. In the organic medium (OM) no concentration fall was noted for dipropyl sulfi de either. In all the media investigated, the highest removal rate (100%), not confi rmed statistically, was observed for carbon disulfi de. Very good results were obtained in the medium with a bentonite additive (BM) for both identifi ed amines, whose mean elimination rate exceeded 60% (p≤0.05). The present research proved that diethyl sulfi de is most susceptible to biofi ltration (over 80%) in the bed supplemented with halloysite (HM) and bentonite (BM) (p≤0.05).

19

Efficacy of a novel biofilter in hatchery sanitation: I. Removal of airborne bacteria, dust and endotoxin

86%

Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska A., Tymczyna L., Skorska C., Sitkowska J., Cholewa G., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2007

|

tom 14

|

nr 1

A novel biofi lter containing organic, bentonite and halloysite media was applied for elimination of microbial pollutants from the air of an industrial hatchery. The concentrations of total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, thermophilic actinomycetes, dust and bacterial endotoxin were determined in the air of hatchery during 2 months before installation of the biofi lter, and during 6 months after installation of the biofi lter, at the inlet and outlet ducts from each medium. Before installation of the biofi lter, the concentrations of total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, thermophilic actinomycetes, dust and endotoxin in the air were within the ranges of 0.97- 131.2 × 103 cfu/m3, 0.0-34.4 × 103 cfu/m3, 0.0-0.02 × 103 cfu/m3, 0.37-4.53 mg/m3, and 50.9-520,450.4 ng/m3, respectively. Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and other species) prevailed among bacterial species recovered from the air of the hatchery. A total of 56 species or genera of bacteria were identifi ed in the air samples taken in the examined hatchery; of these, 11, 11 and 6 species or genera respectively were reported as having allergenic, immunotoxic and/or infectious properties The concentrations of total mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and endotoxin found at the inlet duct of the biofi lter after its installation were signifi cantly smaller compared to those recorded before its installation (p<0.05). The concentrations of Gram-negative bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and dust found at the outlet ducts of biofi lter after its installation were signifi cantly smaller compared to those recorded at the inlet duct of the biofi lter (p<0.01). The concentrations of total meso-philic bacteria were also smaller at the outlet ducts of the biofi lter compared to that at the inlet duct; however, the difference was not signifi cant because of the massive growth of Streptomyces species in the biofi lter’s media which contaminated the outcoming air. In conclusion, the applied biofi lter proved to be effective in the elimination of potentially pathogenic bacteria, dust and endotoxin from the air of the hatchery. The effi cacy of the biofi lter could be improved by the inhibition of the Streptomyces growth in the media of the biofi lter.

20

Health effects of exposure to organic dust in workers of a modern hatchery

86%

Skorska C., Mackiewicz B., Golec M., Cholewa G., Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska A., Dutkiewicz J.

Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine

|

2007

|

tom 14

|

nr 2

The aim of the presented study was to determine the health status of workers occupationally exposed to moderate amounts of organic dust, employed in a modern hatchery with an effi cient ventilation system. A group of 32 hatchery workers was examined. As a reference group, 50 urban dwellers not exposed to any kind of organic dust were examined. All people were interviewed for the presence of work-related symptoms and subjected to physical and spirometric examinations. Blood sera were examined for the presence of precipitins against 13 antigens associated with organic dust, and for the presence of total and chicken-specifi c No signifi cant differences were found between the spirometric values in the group of hatchery workers and the reference group. Positive precipitin reactions were noted mostly with the antigens of Gram-negative bacteria associated with organic dust. The frequencies of positive reactions to antigens of Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii in hatchery workers were signifi cantly greater compared to the reference group (p<0.05). Precipitin reactions to Gram-positive non-branching bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and bird protein, were rare or absent. The mean concentration of total IgE in sera of hatchery workers was nearly 3 times greater compared to the reference group, and the difference proved to be statistically signifi cant (p<0.05). No specifi c IgE antibodies against chicken feathers were detected in the blood of hatchery workers and referents. In conclusion, the examined hatchery workers showed a moderate frequency of work-related symptoms, no decline in lung function and low reactivity to most microbial and bird protein allergens. These results suggest that the effects of exposure to organic dust in workers of modern hatcheries with an effi cient ventilation system are less compared to the workers of poultry farms, such as broiler or egg laying houses.

Ograniczanie wyników

Exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during processing of peppermint and chamomile herbs on farms

Fungal diversity of root vegetables and soil rhizosphere collected from organic and conventional farms in Eastern Poland

The effect of fruit on the extracellular enzyme profiles of fungi

Exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during processing of valerian roots on farms

Exposure to airborne microorganisms and endotoxin in a potato processing plant

Exposure to airborne gram-negative bacteria, dust and endotoxin in paper factories

Exposure of Indian agricultural workers to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during handling of various plant products

Badania nad alergicznymi uwarunkowaniami pneumopatii bydla, wyniklych z wdychania zawartych w pylach organicznych pneumoalergenow

Levels of filamentous fungi and selected mycotoxins in leafy and fruit vegetables and analysis of their potential health risk for consumers

Mycobiota of berry fruits - levels of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins, composition of fungi, and analysis of potential health risk for consumers

Mycobiota and mycotoxins in various kinds of vegetables and fruits as potential health risk factors for consumers - summary of a multiyear study

Exposure to airborne microorganisms, dust and endotoxin during flax scutching on farms

Precipitin response of potato processing workers to work-related microbial allergens

Exposure to airborne microorganisms in furniture factories

Exposure to bioaerosols in a municipal sewage treatment plant

Response of furniture factory workers to work-related airborne allergens

Birch wetwood as a source of potential bacterial hazard for woodworkers

Efficacy of a novel biofilter in hatchery sanitation: II. Removal of odorogenous pollutants

Efficacy of a novel biofilter in hatchery sanitation: I. Removal of airborne bacteria, dust and endotoxin

Health effects of exposure to organic dust in workers of a modern hatchery