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Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the role of exogenous silicon (Si) addition in increasing hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) tolerance in rice seedlings. Rice seedlings were grown under 100 µM Cr(VI) stress without or with 10 µM Si. Chromium treatment decreased growth, photosynthetic pigments and protein, which was accompanied by a significant increase in Cr accumulation and lipid peroxidation (as malondialdehyde; MDA). However, Si addition alleviated Cr toxicity and promoted growth of rice by decreasing Cr accumulation, root-to-shoot Cr transport and MDA level. Contents of macro (Mg, Ca and K) as well as micronutrients (Zn and Fe) were decreased by Cr except Mn while Si addition prevented decrease in these nutrients induced by Cr. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents were decreased by Cr while these indices improved by Si addition. Treatment of Cr decreased the length of leaf epidermal cells and stomatal frequency, and adversely affected chloroplasts containing mesophyll cells and integrity of xylem and phloem, and Si addition minimized these abnormalities. However, frequency of root hairs was increased by Cr treatment. Results showed that exogenous Si addition enhanced Cr(VI) tolerance in rice seedlings by decreasing Cr accumulation, root-to-shoot Cr transport and MDA level, and by increasing content of some mineral elements (K, Fe and Zn) and antioxidant capacity compared to the Cr treatment alone.
A major problem in sheep rearing is scarcity of feed during the summer and winter in semi-arid tropics. A study was conducted to assess the sperm motion characteristics and sexual behaviour of Garole x Malpura x Malpura (GMM) rams subjected to nutritional stress. Eighteen adult GMM rams were randomly allocated into three groups of six animals each: G1 (control; fed maintenance requirement), G2 (fed 20% less than maintenance) and G3 (fed 30% less than maintenance). The animals were stall-fed with a diet consisting of 70% roughage and 30% concentrate. The study was conducted for eight weeks during the spring. Semen collection was done weekly at 08:00. Semen was evaluated by a computer-assisted sperm analysis technique. Sexual behaviours were also recorded at the time of semen collections. The proportion of rapid, medium and slow motile sperm, and average path velocity varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the groups. The time for seeking females significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in G3, while the refractory period significantly (P < 0.05) increased in G2. The testosterone concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in G2 and G3 as compared with G1. The results indicate that GMM rams compromised their reproductive performance under nutritional stress imposed by 30% feed restriction of their maintenance diet during a feed scarcity period.
Sex determination in domestic animals is of potential value to livestock breeding programs. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and accurate PCR-based sex determination protocol, which can be applicable to 6 major domesticated species of the family Bovidae, viz. Bos frontalis, B. grunniens, B. indiens, Babalus bubalis, Capra hircus, and Ovis aries. In silico analysis was done to identify conserved DNA sequence in the HMG box region of the sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome (SRY gene) across the bovids. Duplex PCR assay, including the SRY gene and the GAPDH housekeeping gene, was optimized by using genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of known sex. It was possible to identify the sex of animals by amplifying both gender-specific (SRY) and autosomal (GAPDH) genes simultaneously in the duplex reaction, with the male yielding two bands and the female one band. The protocol was subjected to a blind test that showed a 100 percent specificity and accuracy, thus it can be used in sex determination in livestock breeding programs.
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