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Advanced knowledge of the canine genome facilitates progress in studies on genome maps of other canids, including species considered also as farm animals. In this study canine BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome) probes, harbouring three genes involved in sex determination (SOX9 - sex determining region Y- box 9, AMH - anti-Müllerian hormone and AR - androgen receptor), were mapped in the dog, red fox, arctic fox and Chinese raccoon dog chromosomes. Localization of these genes can be helpful in association studies focused on monogenetic intersexual disorders.
The effect of the GC→AA polymorphism in the DGAT1 gene causing amino acid substitution (łysinę – K to alanine – A) was estimated on the breeding value (BV) of 89 Polish Holstein-Friesian sires. A fragment of 411 bp of the DGAT1 gene was analysed by RFLP (Cfr1) or MSSCP (screening for other substitutions). Only GC→AA in exon 8 dinucleotide substitution was identified causing K232A amino acid substitution. The frequencies of K and A alleles were 0.54 and 0.46, respectively. The KK genotype (compared to AA and KA) was found associated with higher BV for fat and protein content of milk and lower BV for milk and protein yields. Distribution of the polymorphism within the Holstein-Friesian population, as well as its effect on bull BV are discussed.
Extensive studies of the MC4R gene polymorphism showed that, among numerous variants, there are mutations responsible for monogenic obesity, as well as polymorphisms negatively correlated with the risk of obesity. In this report, we present the first studies of the whole coding sequence of the MC4R gene in 243 Polish obese children and adolescents (the mean relative body mass index [RBMI] was 163.6). In addition, 101 non-obese adults were also analyzed. Direct sequencing facilitated the identification of six missense (K73R, V103I, T112M, S127L, M215L, and I251L) and one silent (c.756 C > T) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Two non-synonymous polymorphisms (K73R and M215L) appeared to be novel and one was found in obese patients (M215L, one patient) and one in non-obese adults (K73R, one person). The overall frequency of non-synonymous variant carriers reached 4.1% and 6.9% in obese patients and non-obese adults, respectively. Only one obesity-associated variant (127L) was found in two obese patients (0.82%) and in two non-obese adults (1.98%). The obesity-protecting variants (103I and 251L) appeared to be the most common in both groups: 3.3% and 4.0%, respectively. It was also observed that the RBMI in obese children and adolescents carrying the minor variants did not differ significantly from the non-carriers; however, the expected trends for the associated and protecting variants were observed. We conclude that the contribution of the MC4R gene variants to the pathogenesis of obesity in Polish children and adolescents is low.
Fatness traits, including fatty acid (FA) composition, influence the dietary value of meat products. In this study we compared the fatty acid profiles in the carcasses of two main Polish breeds, Polish Large White (PLW) and Polish Landrace (PL), and two common commercial ones, Duroc and Pietrain. The Longissimus dorsi muscle, subcutaneous and visceral fats were sampled from 85 gilts that were fed the same diets and slaughtered at the same body weight (100 kg). Several significant between-breed differences were observed in FA composition, especially in subcutaneous and abdominal fat. In all tissues, the lowest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was observed in Pietrain pigs, with the differences depending mainly on C16:0 and C18:0. In abdominal fat, the highest content of monounsaturated fatty acids was found in that of PLW, chiefly due to an elevated content of C18:1 n-9. In both adipose tissues the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found in Pietrain and the lowest in PLW. These differences were mainly because of the high content of C18:2 in Pietrain pigs. The existence of between-breed and tissue differences was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis, which revealed that the studied tissues can be distinguished according to FA profile with an overall prediction ability of 89.8%. It was also shown that the percentage of PUFA in the studied tissues was negatively correlated with abdominal fat weight. We conclude that the FA profile in the carcass of Pietrain pigs is the most favourable, while two Polish breeds and the Duroc breed have similar FA profiles.
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