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Due to the very close genetic relationship between humans and non-human primates many viral infectious diseases can be transmitted from non-human primates to humans and from humans to other primates. Current procedures in non-human primate husbandry and treatment centers should prevent the transmission of infectious diseases from animals to the working staff. Non-human primates may carry not only the deadly Marburg and Ebola viruses, but also dangerous herpes viruses (B virus), poxviruses (monkey pox), and flavi viruses which need arthropodal vectors and cause hemorrhagic fevers (Yellow fever, Kyasanur Forest disease, Dengue). Non-human primates can also be a reservoir of hepatitis A virus, measles and para-influenza. As in the case of other mammals, apes and monkeys are threatened by rabies, but there is a very small chance of them catching this disease in captivity.
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Veterinarians working with nonhuman primates should remember that the animals, especially apes, are very intelligent, and have great physical strength. Additionally, people having direct contact with nonhuman primates should protect themselves against infectious diseases caused by viruses (marburg, ebola, monkey pox, poliomyelitis, rabies, hepatitis typ A) and bacteria (leprosy, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, listeriosis, leptospirosis). Successful veterinary procedures are possible with appropriate physical or chemical restraint of an animal. Drug application can be administered orally or by injections, if necessary using a capture gun (injection rifle or pistol).
In the Gdańsk Zoo a case of a disease induced by Mycobacterium bovis was recorded in a twelve-year-old male Defassa Waterbuck. The main symptom of the disease was persistent cough. The animal died as a result of anesthesia administered for the purpose of carrying out an intradermal TB test. The autopsy showed an advanced stage of pneumonia with multiple disseminated, partially purulent, partially calcified tubercles in both lungs and mediastinal lymphadenitis. Samples of the lung tissue and lymph nodes were sent to a laboratory for examination. During bacterioscopy, acid-fast bacilli were recognized. The culture and genotype identification revealed that the infection had been caused by Mycobacterium bovis ssp. bovis.
The Mycobacterium avium complex includes Mycobacterium intrecellulare and Mycobacterium avium with four subspecia: M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. avium subsp. silvaticum, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. A case of the disease induced by M. avium of indefinite subspecies was recorded in a six-month-old Scimitar-horned oryx calf kept in Gdańsk zoological gardens. The main symptom was a persistant, drug resistant diarrhoea. The calf was euthanized due to progressive emaciation and an unfavourable prognosis. The autopsy showed partially calcified lymphadenitis mesenterica. Moreover, numerous calcified tubercles were found in the organs of the chest and abdominal cavity. A female oryx, the mother of the the calf, was also euthanasied but no lesions were found during the autopsy. The lymphnodes mesenterica of both animals were sent to be examined at a laboratory. In the calf’s samples Mycobacterium avium was recognised. In the female’s limphonodes acid-resistant bacilli were recognized only by bacterioscopy. Neither biological nor culture examination confirmed this diagnosis. The remaining three animals in the herd were examined by an intradermal test, using bovine and avian tuberculin. The result of the tests was positive for avian tuberculin in one case. In the remaining two cases the result for avian tuberculin was uncertain. The decision to euthanize the animals was taken. Euthanasia was performed a year later, after prior approval from the institution supervising the breeding of the Scimitar-horned oryx, an endangered species. The next calf born in the herd, which had not been examined with the tuberculin skin test, was also euthanized. During the autopsy of all four animals tuberculosis-like lesions were found. Laboratory examinations of the samples excluded the presence of the Mycobacterium bovis. Due to limited possibilities of laboratory examination, the presence of Mycobacterium avium was not confirmed.
Eversion of the vaginal mucous membrane in female elephants may be caused by hormonal disorders, circulatory disorders, vaginal polyp or papilloma. The described case refers to an African elephant with a massive edema of the underbelly and eversion of the mucous membrane of the right pudendal lip. The treatment consisted of local cleaning and disinfection, and parenteral (intramuscular) injecting of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory steroids. Additionally the animal was stimulated to increase physical activity. After two weeks of treatment the underbelly edema regressed and the eversed mucous fold was seen only during urinating, in the following week all the symptoms regressed. The described case of eversion of the vaginal mucous membrane was probably caused by a deficiency of activity and movement. Elephants in their natural environment are very active animals, travelling long distances in search of food and water, while in zoological gardens they usually do only minimal exercise to eat and drink.
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