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Postnatal growth and regeneration capacity of skeletal muscles is dependent mainly on adult muscle stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are quiescent mononucleated cells that are normally located outside the sarcolemma within the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. Their activation, which results from injury, is manifested by mobilization, proliferation, differentiation and, ultimately, fusion into new muscle fibers. The satellite cell pool is responsible for the remarkable regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles. Moreover, these cells are capable of self-renewal and can give rise to myogenic progeny.
The process of skeletal muscle development is regulated by many biologically active factors, which are responsible for stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells. Biologically active factors function in paracrine, autocrine and endocrine manner to control myogenesis. The main regulators include hormones, growth and differentiation factors, as well as cytokines. The process of skeletal muscle regeneration associated with the activation of satellite cells for their proliferation and differentiation requires the involvement of many growth factors secreted by the surrounding tissue, including inflammatory cells, blood vessels and damaged muscle fiber, as well as extracellular matrix. A number of trophic factors regulating the activity of satellite cells during muscle regeneration have been identified, e.g. fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factors-β, insulin-like growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6. These factors are responsible for maintaining a balance between the processes of proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells in order to restore the proper architecture and functioning of muscle tissue.
Background. All over the world, including Poland, the sale of dietary supplements is increasing. More and more often, people including children and youths, use dietary supplements on their own initiative and without any medical indications or knowledge in this field. Objectives. Analysis of the conditions of using the dietary supplements with vitamins and minerals among secondary school and high school students in Poland. Material and methods. The study included 396 students aged 13-18 years (249 girls and 147 boys). Authors’ questionnaire was used to evaluate the intake of dietary supplements. The use of cluster analysis allowed to distinguish groups of students with similar socio-demographic characteristics and the frequency of use of dietary supplements. Results. In the studied population of students three clusters were created that significantly differed in socio-demographic characteristics. In cluster 1 and 2, were mostly students who used dietary supplements (respectively, 56% of respondents and 100%). In cluster 1 there were mostly students coming from rural areas and small city, with a worse financial situation, mainly boys (56%), while cluster 2 was dominated by girls (81%) living in a big city, coming from families with a good financial situation and who were more likely to be underweight (28.8%). In cluster 3 there were mostly older students (62%), not taking dietary supplements. In comparison to cluster 2, they had lower frequency of breakfast consumption (55% vs. 69%), but higher frequency of the consumption of soft drinks, fast-food, coffee as well as salt use at the table. Conclusions. The results show that the use of dietary supplements in adolescence is a common phenomenon and slightly conditioned by eating behaviors. This unfavorable habit of common dietary supplements intake observed among students indicates the need for education on the benefits and risks of the supplements usage.
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Recent studies have shown that naturally occurring substances found in the food of the daily human diet are important for preventing chronic non-communicable diseases. One of them is beta-glucan, which is a natural polysaccharide, occurring in plant cell walls, mainly oats, barley and wheat. It is also present in baker’s yeast cells, fungal cell walls, and some microorganisms. Beta-glucan belongs to one of the dietary fiber fractions, which are attributed a number of beneficial health properties, including the prevention and treatment of certain digestive diseases and supporting the immune system. This compound has biological activity that depends on the size, molecular weight, conformation, frequency of bonds, solubility and changes in structure. Beta-glucan reduces cholesterol and glucose concentrations in the blood, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In addition to its effects on lipid levels and glucose metabolism, beta-glucan also exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing the risk of diseases, including atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Immunostimulatory and antitumor effects have also been reported. The immunostimulatory activity of beta-glucan occurs as a result of its attachment to specific receptors present on the immune cell surface. Beta-glucan belongs to the group of prebiotics which stimulate the growth and activity of the desired natural intestinal microbiota, while inhibiting the growth of pathogens. It plays an important role in the proper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and preventing inflammation as well as colon cancer. Such a number of health benefits resulting from the properties of beta-glucan may play a key role in improving health and preventing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
Background. Meat and fish contain easily digestible whole protein, B vitamins and numerous minerals, such as zinc, phosphorus and iron, thanks to which these products have a high nutritional value. Objective. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of consumption of meat and fish in young adults depending on gender. Material and Methods. Data was collected from 200 respondents aged 19-30 using online survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into three parts. The first part contained questions about sociodemographic and anthropometric data, the second part contained a question regarding the self-assessment of the diet. Whereas, the third part of the questionnaire concerned the frequency of consumption of meat and fish. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using Statistica 13.3 software and statistical significance was assumed at the p≤0.05 level. Results. Meat consumption was declared by 86.5% of the respondents (83% of women and 90% of men), usually 5-6 times a week (20%). Gender statistically significantly differentiated the frequency of meat consumption. Men significantly more often consumed total meat (p=0.002), red meat (p=0.001) and poultry (p=0.004) compared to women. Fish was eaten by 85% of the respondents, and 39% only 1-3 times a month. Respondents preferred oily fish. There were no statistically significant differences in the consumption of fish by men and women. Conclusions. Considering the complexity of the relationship between men and women’s meat and fish consumption and health, research is needed to clarify the amounts of meat and fish consumed, the degrees and how they are processed, and the reasons for eating or not eating them. This can be helpful in directions for nutritional education.
Celem pracy była ocena uwarunkowań spożycia produktów fermentowanych pochodzenia zwierzęcego i roślinnego pod względem struktury, wielkości i częstości konsumpcji w grupie kobiet. Badaniami ankietowymi objęto 610 kobiet w wieku 19-90 lat. Stwierdzono, że u badanej populacji średnie dzienne spożycie produktów fermentowanych wynosiło 350-400 g. Najwięcej spożywano jogurtów i kefirów naturalnych (ok. 34% ogółu produktów fermentowanych) i smakowych (ok. 25%). Wiek kobiet i wartość wskaźnika masy ciała BMI (Body Mass Index) ujemnie korelowały z częstością spożycia większości fermentowanych produktów pochodzenia zwierzęcego, a jedynie w przypadku kiszonych ogórków i kapusty ta korelacja była dodatnia. Na częstość spożycia wędlin dojrzewających i oliwek wpływały: wykształcenie i miejsce zamieszkania. Częstość spożycia ocenianych produktów, zależnie od ich rodzaju, była w różny sposób uwarunkowana czynnikami socjodemograficznymi. Zasadne wydaje się upowszechnianie informacji, że fermentowane warzywa i wędliny, podobnie jak produkty mleczne, są źródłem korzystnych dla zdrowia mikroorganizmów.
The use of simple GIS and GPS techniques as tools supporting field data collection in the process of macrophyte-based assessment and classification of the ecological status of lakes is described in the paper. The ecological status of Lake Długie was determined with traditional water quality evaluation methods, including the “anchor” or “diving and GIS” method. Obtained results show simple GIS techniques for registering submerged plant communities supplemented with terrain investigations involving scuba diving, producing more accurate data than those acquired with traditional methods.
Thyroid hormones (TH) are believed to participate in adaptation of the heart to dietary caloric restriction (CR). The effect of CR on cardiac thyroid hormone receptors α and β (TRα and TR β) has been hitherto insufficiently investigated, however, and with respect to the impact of CR on cardiac type 2 and 3 deiodinases (D2 and D3), we have not found any literature data. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of CR and age on thyroid hormone (TH) signalling (D2, D3, TR α and β) and myosin heavy chain β (BMHC) in the heart. The study was performed on 17-week- and 45-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats, fed ad libitum (AL) or restricted to 80% or 60% of AL energy intake. Plasma concentrations of TSH, total and free T3 and T4 (fT3 and fT4), protein levels of heart D2 and D3, THRα, THRβ, myosin heavy chain β (BMHC) mRNA expression and cardiac BMHC protein were determined. Morphological and endocrine parameters were influenced by age (fT3/T3, fT4/T4, THRα, BMHC protein), feeding level (TSH, T4, T3, BMHC mRNA), or by both age and feeding level (body weight, fT4, fT3). Caloric restriction reduced fT3, T4, and fT4 levels in both age groups, with additional decreases in TSH and T3 occurring in younger rats. Independently of age, cardiac BMHC expression was positively correlated with cardiac D3 and negatively with food intake and thyroid hormones. The most important finding of our study is that cardiac D3 and BMHC protein are, under conditions of differentiated dietary energy supply, directly related in both young and middle-aged rats.
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