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DLC3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma

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Introduction and objective. Deleted in Liver Cancer (DLC) proteins belong to the family of RhoGAPs and thus are believed to operate as negative regulators of the Rho family of small GTPases. Rho proteins are considered to be significant links between numerous cellular pathways. So far, DLC1 – the first identified member from Deleted in Liver Cancer family – has been established as a tumour suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma. As shown by many studies, DLC1 expression is reduced by gene loss or epigenetic silencing in this type of cancer. The expression and function of its close family relative DLC3 is less known. The presented study determined the expression and cellular localization of DLC3 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue. Materials and methods. The protein level in two types of hepatocellular carcinoma: typical and fibrolamellar, were assessed by the immunohistochemical approach. Results. DLC3 immunoreactivity was found to be present in the cytoplasm of normal hepatocytes. In hepatocellular carcinoma sections, DLC3 was detected primarily in the cytoplasm of cancer cells, although in a small percentage of cancer cells cell nuclei were also positively stained. Morphometric analysis followed by statistical evaluation showed that the DLC3 immunoreactivity in the tumour sections was comparable to the one observed in non-cancerous liver specimens. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that DLC3 protein, contrary to DLC1, is commonly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. It appears that members of the DLC family, although structurally highly related, may function differently during HCC development.
Background: The technique of axillary vein (AV) or subclavian vein (SV) puncture has become an important alternative to cephalic vein (CV) cutdown as an approach allowing cardiac lead introduction into the venous system during cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation procedures. Irrespective of the technique used, the injury associated with lead insertion may induce a reflex venous spasm that can even cause total venous obstruction. In order to assess the incidence of AV spasm during AV puncture, we analysed a total of 735 (382 in females and 353 in males; mean age 75 ± 11 years) de novo CIED implantation procedures involving transvenous lead insertion conducted between January 2014 and December 2015. Materials and methods: In 337 patients the leads were introduced via AV puncture only, in 66 patients AV puncture was used in combination with CV cutdown, together yielding a total of 403 procedures (55% of all de novo CIED implantation procedures; mean patient age 72 ± 14 years), out of which we observed 12 cases (mean patient age 57 ± 25 years) of AV spasm (3%). Results: We evaluated only the procedures with unambiguous fluoroscopy images recorded during AV puncture: complete blockage of contrast medium flow through the AV, with preserved flow through the CV or collateral vessels, followed by eventually resumed flow of contrast via the AV. The contrast-enhanced movements of AV walls showed the spasm propagating both proximally and distally along the vessel, while the subsequent vessel wall relaxation occurred along the entire spasm-affected venous segment simultaneously. Conclusions: An AV spasm induced by AV puncture during CIED implantation is a rare phenomenon; however, if severe, it may significantly affect the course of the procedure. (Folia Morphol 2016; 75, 4: 543–549)
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