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Background. The effect of preparation methods (raw, half-boiled and hard-boiled) on protein and amino acid contents, as well as the protein quality (amino acid score) of regular, kampung and nutrient enriched Malaysian eggs was investigated. Methods. The protein content was determined using a semi-micro Kjeldahl method whereas the amino acid composition was determined using HPLC. Results. The protein content of raw regular, kampung and nutrient enriched eggs were 49.9 ±0.2%, 55.8 ±0.2% and 56.5 ±0.5%, respectively. The protein content of hard-boiled eggs of regular, kampung and nutrient enriched eggs was 56.8 ±0.1%, 54.7 ±0.1%, and 53.7 ±0.5%, while that for half-boiled eggs of regular, kampung and nutrient enriched eggs was 54.7 ±0.6%, 53.4 ±0.4%, and 55.1 ±0.7%, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in protein and amino acid contents of half-boiled, hard-boiled as compared with raw samples, and valine was found as the limiting amino acid. It was found that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) of total amino score in regular, kampung and nutrient enriched eggs after heat treat- ments. Furthermore, hard-boiling (100°C) for 10 minutes and half-boiling (100°C) for 5 minutes affects the total amino score, which in tum alter the protein quality of the egg.
Ground-level ozone is one of the dominant criteria pollutants that contribute to unhealthy days in ambient air measurements throughout Malaysia. In addition to VOCs and NOx, meteorological factors such as insolation and temperature influence the formation of ground-level ozone. For this reason, the relationship between daily maximum temperature and variation of ground-level ozone concentrations using 10 years of data (2000-10, excluding 2008) was scrutinized statistically at two stations representing urban and industrial areas in Terengganu State, Malaysia. We found that there is a positive linear correlation between maximum daily temperature and maximum daily ozone concentration with correlation coefficients of 0.684 and 0.605 for urban and industrial areas, respectively. Nevertheless, the long-term variation of daily maximum temperature and daily maximum ozone concentration for these two stations shows that the levels were higher in the industrial rather than the urban area. The results indicate that surrounding activities and temperature play vital roles in influencing ground-level ozone concentrations in Terengganu. Furthermore, ozone concentrations are highest for air masses characterized by dry, warm conditions during the southwest monsoon and are usually associated with the generation of haze episodes in the Malaysian Peninsula.
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