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Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a modern technique of performing surgical procedures developed worldwide. In the last few years, series of NOTES operations were performed in animals and humans. This article describes some surgical procedures performed in animals with use of this new technique.
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Laparoscopic procedures in dogs and cats

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Laparoscopic procedures are gaining wider application in veterinary medicine. The fnollowing article contains description of indispensable equipment for performing surgical procedures with use of laparoscopic technique and reviews some laparoscopic procedures which found application in veterinary medicine.
The aim of the present study was to determine and adapt surgical procedures of nephrectomy in domestic pigs. Procedures include surgical access, vessel preparation and ligation during retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy. The experimental part of the study should help in optimizing a similar technique for dogs. Eight retroperitoneal nephrectomies were performed in eight pigs using either titanium clips with a mechanical morcellation or a linear stapler with manual morcellation. Four ports were used, one 10 mm camera port, one 10 mm and two 5 mm working ports. After the creation of retroperitoneal space, the renal vein, renal arteria and ureter were separately occluded. Once these elements were sectioned the kidney was removed in an extraction sac by mechanical or manual morcellation. There was no incidence of complication during all operations, therefore conversion to classic nephrectomy was not performed. After two months of observations post mortem examinations revealed no peritoneal adhesion formation in two groups of animals. Both the linear stapler and titanium clips enabled an effective occlusion of renal vessels during retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomies in pigs. The described operations decreased traumatization of the abdomen wall.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the laparoscopic technique for performing a biopsy of the gastric and duodenal wall in dogs. Endoscopic examinations were performed in five dogs, which were not conclusively diagnosed based on symptoms and the results of clinical and laboratory tests. A histopathological analysis of laparoscopically collected tissue samples supported the diagnosis of a chronic inflammation of the gastric and duodenal wall. The results of the experiment indicate that laparoscopy permits accurate mapping of the biopsy site and supports the collection of tissue samples for histopathological analyses.
Laparocholecystectomy was done on 4 cross-breed Large-White pigs, males and females of 20 kg b.w. under halotan general anesthesia. Peritoneal emphysema was created by carbon dioxide at a pressure of 10-12 mm Hg. The operation was performed using trocars of different diameters in four accesses. Biliary ductule and artery were closed by titanic staplers Endoclip TM - Auto Suture and then ruptured. There were no complications during the operation and in the post-operation phase. After the operation pigs woke up in a few hours and after 24 h they were fed balanced nutritional doses which were increased as body weight increased. After 5 months pigs gained 110-115 kg b.w. Laparocholecystectomy reduces operation trauma and enables quick recovery. The four spot peritoneal access made by trocar eliminates the possibility of many postoperative complications that could develop after classical laparotomy with a long abdominal incision.
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