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The aim of this study was to examine the possibilities of bottling the water from four sources (in total 10 springs) on Jastrebac Mountain in central Serbia. In the water samples, the following parameters were determined: • Physico-chemical parameters – temperature and solids content (total, dissolved and suspended), turbidity, pH, conductivity, hardness (as CaCO₃), alkalinity (as CaCO₃), oxygen concentration and saturation, concentrations of Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, F⁻, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻, inorganic nitrogen content (NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, and NO₃⁻), total phosphorus and orthophosphates content (PO₄³⁻), and the content of organic compounds as concentrations of KMnO₄ and UV extinction. • Microbiological parameters – total count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, count of coliform bacteria, and the presence of faecal indicators (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, and sulphitereducing clostridia). • Biological parameters. Based on the obtained values of the examined parameters and their ratings, five springs out of 10 tested could be considered for bottling. The values of the parameters of these springs were in compliance with current regulations for drinking water. Also, these springs had a significantly higher quality of water compared to the one of the most used bottled water in Serbia. Other springs had a considerably poorer quality of water due to exposure to the negative anthropogenic effects, which was particularly manifested in the form of the excessive count of total bacteria, the presence of the indicators of faecal contamination, and the presence of suspended solids.
Fifteen early-lactation cows and 15 mid-lactation cows were chosen for the analysis. Blood samples were collected to measure the beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), glucose (Glu), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TB), urea (U)and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Earlylactation cows showed significantly higher (P<0.05) values of serum BHB and NEFA, and lower of (P<0.05) glycemia levels compared to mid-lactation cows. High lipomobilization (NEFA >0.4 mmol/l) and subclinical ketosis (BHB >1.2 mmol/L) were detected in 6 (40%) and 14 (94.4%) early-lactation cows, respectively, and in none of the mid lactation cows. AST activities above 100 IU/l were detected in two early-lactation and none of the mid-lactation cows. TG concentrations below 0.12 mmol/l were found in 7 (44%) early-lactation and 2 (13.3%) mid-lactation cows. Glucose levels were below 2.5 mmol/l in 10 (66.6%) early-lactation and 5 (33.3%) mid-lactation cows. Early-lactation cows showed lower blood serum concentrations of TG (P>0.05), ALB (P>0.05), TP (P<0.05), U (P>0.05) and GTT (P>0.05) activities and higher concentrations of TB (P>0.05) and AST activities (P<0.05),as compared to mid-lactation cows. These metabolic characteristics were correlated with DMI and energy balance (EB). Blood serum values for glucose, TG, BHB, NEFA and AST showed that earlylactation cows suffered from metabolic disturbances, associated with ketosis, and some degree of hepatic lesions, probably due to fat infiltration. These serum parameters may have a key role in evaluating the metabolic status of dairy cows.
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