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Potassium (K+) is an essential mineral element affecting plant growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological response to K+ deficiency in three sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) cultivars with differing K+ utilization efficiencies (KUE). The effects on plant growth status, physiological characteristics, leaf ultrastructure, and photosynthesis were examined. The results showed that K+ deficiency significantly decreased total biomass productivity, root yield, photosynthetic efficiency, and chlorophyll (Chl) content, while increased leaf sucrose and proline content of the three cultivars. K+ deficiency caused acute damage to chloroplast ultrastructure associated with leaf Chl biosynthesis and photosynthate accumulation, and also disturbed the protective enzymes involved in the antioxidative defense system. Compared with the other two cultivars, Xushu32 had higher root yield and better growth performance under K+ deficiency, which was mainly attributed to its high KUE and greater carbohydrate conversion and net photosynthetic efficiency. As a whole, these data suggest that greater tolerance to K+ deficiency among sweet potato genotypes is associated to the capability to mount a stronger physiological stress response during growth.
Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric disease of uncertain etiology. Previous studies have demonstrated that antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii infection are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. The objective of this study was to analyze anti-T. gondii antibodies in 477 Chinese schizophrenia patients using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on recombinant surface antigen 1 (rSAG1), recombinant bradyzoite antigen 1 (rBAG1) and the soluble tachyzoite antigens (STAg) of T. gondii RH strain. Results showed that among the sero-positives (IgG and/or IgM) for T. gondii infection examined in schizophrenia patients, sero-positive samples for rSAG1, rBAG1 and STAg were 20.5% (98/477), 20.5% (98/477) and 23.5% (112/477) respectively, while compared to 210 blood donors, sero-positive (IgG and/or IgM) samples for these antigens (rSAG1, rBAG1 and STAg) were only 5.7% (12/210), 6.2% (13/210) and 5.7% (12/210), respectively. Furthermore, when IgG antibody reaction in the schizophrenia sera was compared with the rBAG1 and rSAG1, results demonstrated that beside the cases which can be detected by both rSAG1 and rBAG1, some sero-positive for T. gondii in schizophrenia sera can only be detected either by rSAG1 or rBAG1. This phenomenon was also observed in the detection of IgM with rSAG1 and rBAG1. 5.9% (28/477) of cases of schizophrenia which are positive for IgG or IgM by rSAG1 are negative for STAg, while 9.2% (44/477) of the schizophrenia cases which are positive for IgG or IgM by rBAG1 are negative for STAg. Although STAg can also be used to diagnose T. gondii infection from schizophrenia patients, it may not actually indicate the infection as some positive samples may be mistakenly considered to be negative. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the sero-positive rate for T. gondii in the Chinese schizophrenia patients was higher than blood donors. More importantly, our results provide evidence that the combination of rSAG1 and rBAG1 antigens in the diagnosis of T. gondii infection could closely reflect the actual infection of this parasite in schizophrenia patients.
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