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Effective skill refinement: focusing on process to ensure outcome

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Carson H. J., Collins D.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2014

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tom 07

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nr 3

In contrast to the abundance of motor skill acquisition and performance research, there is a paucity of work which addresses how athletes with an already learnt and well-established skill may go about making a subtle change, or refinement, to that skill. Accordingly, the purpose of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of current understanding pertaining to such practice. Specifically, this review addresses deliberately initiated refinements to closed and self-paced skills (e.g., javelin throwing, golf swing and horizontal jumps). In doing so, focus is directed to three fundamental considerations within applied coaching practice and future research endeavours; the intended outcomes, process and evaluative measures of skill refinement. Conclusions suggest that skill refinement is not the same as skill acquisition or performing already learnt skills with high-levels of automaticity. Due to the complexity of challenge faced, refinements are best addressed as an interdisciplinary solution, with objective measures informing coach decision making.

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Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

81%

Garcia-Bellido D. C., Vannier J., Collins D.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2009

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tom 54

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nr 1

3

Golf putting: equivalent performance with ball focused and target focused aiming

81%

Moffat D., Carson H. J., Collins D.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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2018

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tom 23

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nr 3

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Wplyw zawartosci fosforu w glebie i nasionach na porazenie lubinu bialego Pleiochaeta setosa

81%

Szukala J., Collins D., Reeves W.

Progress in Plant Protection

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1997

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tom 37

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nr 2

206-209

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Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

81%

Garcia-Bellido D. C., Vannier J., Collins D.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2009

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tom 54

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nr 4

More than forty specimens from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale reveal the detailed anatomy of Isoxys, a worldwide distributed bivalved arthropod represented here by two species, namely Isoxys acutangulus and Isoxys longissimus. I. acutangulus had a non−mineralized headshield with lateral pleural folds (= “valves” of previous authors) that covered the animal’s body almost entirely, large frontal spherical eyes and a pair of uniramous prehensile appendages bearing stout spiny outgrowths along their anterior margins. The 13 following appendages had a uniform biramous design—i.e., a short endopod and a paddle−like exopod fringed with marginal setae with a probable natatory function. The trunk ended with a flap−like telson that protruded beyond the posterior margin of the headshield. The gut of I. acutangulus was tube−like, running from mouth to telson, and was flanked with numerous 3D−preserved bulbous, paired features interpreted as digestive glands. The appendage design of I. acutangulus indicates that the animal was a swimmer and a visual predator living off−bottom. The general anatomy of Isoxys longissimus was similar to that of I. acutangulus although less information is available on the exact shape of its appendages and visual organs. I. longissimus is characterized by extremely long anterior and posterior spines. There are now seven Isoxys species known with soft−part preservation, I. acutangulus, I. longissimus from the Burgess Shale, I. auritus and I. curvirostratus from the Maotianshan Shale of China, I. communis and I. glaessneri from the Emu Bay Shale of Australia and I. volucrisfrom Sirius Passet in Greenland. The frontal appendages of Isoxys strongly resemble those of other Cambrian arthropods, characterized by a single pair of “great appendages” with a shared prehensile function yet some variability in length and shape.

Ograniczanie wyników

2 Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

2 Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

1 Progress in Plant Protection

5 Collins D.

2 Carson H. J.

2 Garcia-Bellido D. C.

2 Vannier J.

1 Moffat D.

1 Reeves W.

1 Szukala J.

1 2018

1 2014

2 2009

1 1997

Effective skill refinement: focusing on process to ensure outcome

Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada

Golf putting: equivalent performance with ball focused and target focused aiming

Wplyw zawartosci fosforu w glebie i nasionach na porazenie lubinu bialego Pleiochaeta setosa

Soft-part preservation in two species of the arthropod Isoxys from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada