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The influence of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) on yield of apple trees was investigated. The experiment was conducted on irrigated and non-irrigatted 5-years-old apple trees of' Close' and 'Jonagold' cultivars grafted on M. 9. The popula, size of the pest exceeded four and two times the valid (in Poland) economic injury on trees of' Close' and 'Jonagold' cultivars respectively. No significant influence of on yield and its quality (mean fruit weight and fruit colour) was observed on both cultivars. Irrigation had positive effect on yield and quality of 'Jonagoid'. On the trees of ' Close' cultivar were positively influenced by irrigation only regarding fruits colour. Results of the study support opinion that the economic injury level for apple, with respect to two-spotted spider mite, should be higher than it is up to now.
Treating apple trees and strawberry plants with methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) was investigated to see how the treatment affects the population size of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). Both apple and strawberry were represented by two cultivars: Jester, Close and Aga, Kent, respectively. Each plant was infested with mites one day after being treated with a methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) solution. The negative influence of the JA-Me plant treatment on the growth of the subsequently colonized population of the two-spotted spider mite was observed both for strawberry plants and apple trees. A significant interaction (plant treatment x cultivar), however, was observed in the experiment conducted on apple trees. The population of mites feeding on the cv. Jester was not influenced by the JA-Me treatment. This lack of influence by JA-Me treatment was in contrast to what was found with the cultivar Close.
Movement behavior of two mite species: two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) on leaves of some apple cultivars ('Greensleeves', 'Spartan' and SA 455-2 selection) with different density of pubescence was analysed. Assessment of the leaf pubescence density was performed using an originally developed quick method based on digital pubescence image analysis. For P. ulmi, both stop time and average speed did not depend on kind of leaf. In contrary, T. urticae revealed higher movement activity on slight pubescent leaves compared to leaves with high leaf hair density.
In five monitored farms, stem base rot symptoms and carnation wilting were observed on 10–35% of plants and Rhizoctonia solani was the most frequently isolated species from diseased tissues. Additionally Fusarium avenaceum and Botrytis cinerea were only rarely noticed in the diseased stem parts. Isolates from carnation and eustoma caused stem and leaf blade rot of carnation but tissues were colonized significantly faster by a culture from a host plant. Different reaction of three carnation cultivars was observed on R. solani inoculation. The optimal species growth was observed at 30°C and it was also the most favorable temperature for colonization of carnation stem parts. In the greenhouse trial isolate of R. solani obtained from carnation crops caused stem base rot already after 2-week-growth on 1 per 5 plant in each replication and within the next 2 weeks 4 per 5 of plants died.
Surveying of coniferous plants in the years 2010–2011 showed the occurrence of necrotic lesions on shoot tips on about 0.5 to 9% of Lawson cypress, juniper, microbiota and thuja. The disease dominated on thuja shoots. Isolates of Pestalotiopsis funerea from juniper and thuja colonised stem parts of different species and cultivars of both plants. Significant differences in susceptibility of juniper and thuja to P. funerea were noticed. Isolates of the species from ericaceous plants caused shoot necrosis of heather and 6 species of coniferous plants. The disease spread, about 2 times faster on heather plants than on juniper and thuja. The trial with P. funerea growth in relation to temperature showed that 20–25°C is an optimal temperature for pathogen development.
Morphological and anatomical characters of apple leaves associated with cultivar susceptibility to two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urlicae (Koch.)) infestation were investigated. The following six apple cultivars were selected for the research: Close, Lobo ( suceptible) and Katja, Piros, Jester, Marvit (more resistant to mites infestation). The cultivars of a relatively lower susceptibility, (except Marvit) were provided with a poorer pubescence on abaxial epidermis of foliage leaf than those susceptible. There was no strict correlation between stomata number per unit of the leaf surface and the susceptibility to T. urticae infestation. A tight cell arrangement in the spongy mesophyll was particularly characteristic for cv Marvit, whereas in the leaves of cvs Close and Lobo this tissue was definitely loose. It seems that loose spongy mesophyll structure may facilitate feeding of mites.The results regarding the analysis of the lower (abaxial) epidermis of the leaves seem to suggest that the layout and thickness of cuticle, rather than the epidermal thickness itself could be a factor determining the susceptibility of apple cultivars to T.urcilae.
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