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The study area (16 km2) in "Ujście Warty" National Park, W Poland — was the valley of a lowland river at its confluence with the River Odra, covered by a mosaic of grassy vegetation and willow scrub. 111 breeding attempts were recorded during 2000-2002. The mean nest density (3.2 nests/km2) was higher than that recorded by other authors in agricultural landscapes, but lower than in urban areas. The nest construction was adapted to fit young willow trees. The mean clutch size was similar to that recorded in other populations (4.43), but eggs were smaller (41.2 mm x 29.1 mm). The hatching success was lower (76%) in comparison with other studies, but the mean number of fledglings (2.15 per nest and 2.96 per nest in successful broods) was relatively high. The main reasons for losses were unhatched eggs, predators, starved nestlings and poor nest construction. We hypothesise that the smaller egg size and lower hatching success recorded in this population was due to unfavourable and unpredictable feeding conditions (floods) during the period of egg formation and egg laying. Later in the season, receding floodwaters laid bare areas suitable for foraging on invertebrates; waterfowl eggs also became readily available. Predation was low (lack of nonbreeding stock of Hooded Crow). As a result of good conditions during chick rearing, the overall reproductive output was relatively high in comparison with other populations.
Geographic variation in egg measurements (egg breadth, length, volume and shape index), was studied in Lapwing, based of the published data from Europe and Asia. Egg size was found to vary significantly with geographic location. Mean egg breadth and volume decreased with longitude and increased with latitude, and this relationship explained 42% and 49%, respectively of their variation among study areas. Mean egg length, and to lesser extent egg shape index, showed an U-shaped relationship with longitude, accounting for 29% and 20%, respectively of their variation between localities. The resultant NW- SE dine in egg size was well pronounced in Europe, with largest eggs laid in Great Britain, N Spain and Norway and smallest in SE Europe. Lapwings breeding in Asia laid eggs consistently narrower and less voluminous than European breeders. In E Asia egg length was however almost as long as in NW Europe. The geographic pattern in egg size corresponds with gradient in oceanic characters of the climate. Precipitation and temperature were suggested as possible factors affecting — via the level of food resources available to laying females — geographic variation in Lapwing egg size. Clinal variation in female body size might be another contributing factor.
The wintering Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor was censused in Poland more than two decades ago (during the winters of 1988/89 and 1989/90). Single censuses were made during each winter on sample plots varying from 4.1 to 35.1 km2 (mean: 16.4 km2). Altogether, data from 404 plots, covering in total more than 6.6 thousands km2 were used for the analysis. Based on this data and environmental information gathered in GIS databases (Corine land cover "CLC1990" database, digital elevation model "GTOP030" dataset) we modelled habitat- and spatial-related variation in shrike distribution. Birds were recorded on 45% of study plots. The mean density was 4.8 individuals/100 km2. In both seasons density in meadows was roughly two times higher than in arable fields. We modelled spatial distribution of wintering birds using combination of GLM and three-dimensional local regression. Models were cross-validated to check their temporal consistency. Repeatable spatial pattern of population distribution allowed to make predictive distribution maps. As a general rule, wintering shrikes avoid regions with severe, continental climate and prefer lowlands dominated by agriculture. On the basis of our models, population of the Great Grey Shrike wintering in Poland during late 1980s can be roughly estimated at about 7.7 thousands of individuals.
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