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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a hepatovirus causing infections in humans and in many animal species. According to the current knowledge, HEV strains have been classified in the genus Orthohepevirus, family Hepeviridae, which encompasses strains belonging to one of seven virus genotypes. Genotypes 1 and 2 have only been found in humans, while genotypes 3 and 4 have been detected in humans, pigs, deer, rabbits and mongoose. The other HEV genotypes infect wild animals. However, the full spectrum of animal species being the natural reservoir of HEV has not been fully recognized. The clinical course of hepatitis in animals is asymptomatic, and infections do not cause significant losses in animal farming. Unlike in animals, infections in humans, and especially in pregnant women, can cause serious health problems. The identification of new virus strains in the animal reservoir and the possibility of transmission of some animal HEV strains to humans make the issue of public health protection and food safety even more important. This article provides an overview of data on the prevalence of HEV infections in animals and their impact on human and animal health.
Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite occurring in a wide range of hosts. Invasions caused by this parasite have been reported in humans and in many animal species including birds. Despite its worldwide prevalence, infections have usually generated considerable losses in the livestock industry, mostly affecting calves, lambs and goat kids. It has previously been shown that ruminants are a major reservoir of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and contact with an infected animal can lead to human infection. The application of molecular methods for parasitological diagnostics has increased our knowledge on the parasite hosts and its prevalence in humans and animals. They also confirmed their usefulness during epidemiological investigations and in surveillance studies of human and animal cryptosporidiosis. In this review the current state of knowledge concerning the importance of Cryptosporidium parvum invasions in farm and wild animals was presented.
Neorickettsia helminthoeca is the etiological agent of „salmon poisoning disease”. The fluke - Nanophyetus salmincola - is a vector for neorickettsia which requires three hosts for the completion of its life cycle. The first intermediate host is a stream snail - Oxytrema silicula. Fish are the second host in which cercariae encyst. The definitive hosts are fish-eating mammals such as dog, raccoon, mink or skunk. The disease is usually fatal for dogs. Infected animals develop fever, anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea. Death usually occurs 10 to 14 days after the onset of the first symptoms of the disease.
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63%
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to demonstrate the presence of CPV DNA in tissue cultures and faecal suspensions. A simple procedure of sample preparation was elaborated and it made the PCR easily applicable in rapid confirmation of the diagnosis of parvovirus infection. The results of PCR were compared with virus isolation, haemagglutination and immunoenzymatic tests.
In our studies two primer pairs within the VP2 protein gene of canine parvovirus were chosen on the base of the sequence of Polish isolates. The sensitivity of detection of canine parvovirus in stool samples by Nested PCR was increased 60% in comparison with the standard PCR method and it was 30% higher than the virus isolation in tissue culture. A simple procedure of sample preparation with the use of Chelating resin was used and it made the Nested PCR easily applicable in rapid confirmation of the diagnosis of parvovirus infection.
The aim of presented preliminary studies was the application of PCR for rapid and accurate diagnosis of CAV-1 infection in dogs. The 301 bp PCR product of CAV-1 was demonstrated in two lung and liver homogenates collected post-mortem from two dogs. The comparable studies of cytopathic effect evaluated at the 10th passage of homogenates in MDCK cells and PCR revealed 100% accordance of the results obtained by both tests. The simple and fast isolation of viral DNA with the use of Chelex was used in the presented studies. This modification of PCR procedure could also be used in field veterinary laboratories as a valuable method for detection of CAV-1 infection in dogs.
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