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Tolerance limit, kinetics of nitrogen uptake and activity of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) enzymes of cyanobacterium Desmonostoc muscorum PUPCCC 405.10 were studied under the regime of chloroacetanilide herbicide pretilachlor. The organism was isolated from the paddy field under application of the herbicide and tolerated pretilachlor up to 10 ppm under laboratory conditions. The incubation of the cyanobacterium in 2.5 ppm pretilachlor did not cause significant effect on N uptake while supplementation of 5–10 ppm pretilachlor in medium reduced the rate of nitrate and nitrite uptake by 35–73 % with 50 % decrease in Vmax and no change in Km. These results indicated that herbicide did not affect the affinity of uptake system to nitrate and nitrite. In presence of herbicide, the activity of nitrogen assimilation enzymes was inhibited by 16 % for NR and 18 % for NiR. Unchanged Km and decreased Vmax (50–60 %) in presence of herbicide indicated non-competitive- type inhibition of the enzymes.A50 %decrease in Vmax and Km of ammonium uptake indicated un-competitive type inhibition of the ammonium transport system by the herbicide. GS activity also exhibited non-competitive inhibition in presence of pretilachlor with 21 % decrease in activity with unchanged Km and 40 % decrease in Vmax. Likewise, decreases in nitrogenase activity by 43 % and heterocyst formation by 40 % were recorded in presence of herbicide. Results indicated that pretilachlor affected nitrogen assimilation at uptake level and interacted with nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in a non-competitive manner.
To assess the effect of herbal extracts on nutrient utilization, enteric methane emission and growth performance, 15 growing Murrah male buffaloes were divided into 3 groups and offered control diet (total mixed ration; roughage:concentrate ratio 65:35), control diet supplemented with Punica granatum or Tecomella undulata extract at 2% of dry matter intake (DMI) for 90 days. The supplementation of herbal extracts did not alter DMI and nutrient digestibility, however the tendency (P = 0.058) to higher nitrogen retention was observed in groups fed diets supplemented with P. granatum (72.9 g/day) and T. undulata extract (70.6 g/day) in comparison to control (64.3 g/day) group. No negative impact was seen as indicated by blood profile, which was within the physiological range. Supplementation of P. granatum or T. undulata extracts resulted in decrease in methane emission (g/kg average daily gain (ADG)) by 46 and 42%, respectively in comparison to control diet. The impact of decrease in methane emission and higher gross energy (GE) intake was visible in the daily body weight gain/day: the animals fed P. granatum and T. undulata extracts gained (P < 0.001) 28 and 21% more weight, respectively, in comparison to animals fed control diet. Therefore, the study established that the supplementation of diet with herbal extracts can help in ameliorating enteric methane production, thereby improving the growth performance in ruminants.
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