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Restriction-modification (RM) systems comprise two opposing enzymatic activities: a restriction endonuclease, that targets specific DNA sequences and performs endonucleolytic cleavage, and a modification methyltransferase that renders these se­quences resistant to cleavage. Studies on molecular genetics and biochemistry of RM systems have been carried out over the past four decades, laying foundations for mod­ern molecular biology and providing important models for mechanisms of highly spe­cific protein-DNA interactions. Although the number of known, relevant sequences 3D structures of RM proteins is growing steadily, we do not fully understand their functional diversities from an evolutionary perspective and we are not yet able to en­gineer new sequence specificities based on rational approaches. Recent findings on the evolution of RM systems and on their structures and mechanisms of action have led to a picture in which conserved modules with defined function are shared between different RM proteins and other enzymes involved in nucleic acid biochemistry. On the other hand, it has been realized that some of the modules have been replaced in the evolution by unrelated domains exerting similar function. The aim of this review is to give a survey on the recent progress in the field of structural phylogeny of RM en­zymes with special emphasis on studies of sequence-structure-function relationships and emerging potential applications in biotechnology.
Dsb proteins control the formation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds during the folding of membrane and exported proteins. DsbA is an oxidant that catalyzes formation of disulfide bonds in newly synthesized, and yet unfolded proteins. In order to act catalytically again, it has to be reoxidized by a transmembrane protein DsbB characterized by two pairs of disulfides. DsbB is related to another protein family Dsbl, characterized by the presence of only one disulfide, and an additional C-terminal beta-propeller domain. The protein AAN82231 from E. coli strain CFT073 has been recently described as a new member of the Dsbl family (Grimshaw et al., 2008). It was found that AAN82231 forms a functional redox pair with DsbL - a newly described DsbA-like protein. Here, we report that AAN82231 shares no characteristic features with the Dsbl proteins. Instead, according to phylogenetic analyses AAN82231 clearly belongs to another, previously described subfamily of DsbB paralogs. To facilitate classification of DsbB and Dsbl homologs, we propose a new nomenclature system and present an updated phylogenetic analysis of the DsbB superfamily, which comprises the following families: "orthodox" DsbB, its paralogs now named DsbB2 (including AAN82231), Dsbl and two groups of so far uncharacterized DsbB paralogs termed DsbB3 and DsbB4. We have also developed a web server dedicated to phylogenetic assignment of DsbB/Dsbl candidate proteins that will be identified in the future.
A recent study revealed a subfamily of N6-adenine (m⁶A) methyltransferases that comprises a few functionally studied eukaryotic members acting on mRNA and prokaryotic members acting on DNA as well as numerous uncharacterized open reading frames. Here, we report cloning and functional characterization of a prokaryotic member of this family encoded by transposon Tn1549 from Enterococcus spp.
In this paper we report cloning and experimental characterization of the DNA ade­nine methyltransferase (dam) gene from Haemophilus influenzae and comparison of its product with the Dam protein from the lysogenic phage of H. influenzae, HP1. Mo­lecular modeling of M.HinDam and M.HP1Dam was carried out, providing a frame­work for a comparative analysis of these enzymes and their close homologs in the structural context. Both proteins share the common fold and essential cofactor-bind- ing and catalytic residues despite overall divergence. However, subtle but significant differences in the cofactor-binding pocket have been identified. Moreover, while M.HinDam seems to contact its target DNA sequence using a number of loops, most of them are missing from M.HP1Dam. Analysis of both MTases suggests that their cata­lytic activity was derived from a common ancestor, but similar sequence specificities arose by convergence.
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