The aim of this study was to review recent research, conducted over the last two decades, into prediction of carcass leanness and fatness in live domestic birds. Numerous traits were measured in live birds, and relatively high correlations were found between the breast muscle content and lean meat content of the whole carcass vs. breast muscle thickness, breastbone crest length and body weight of birds. Breast muscle thickness was measured using needle catheters and, more recently, ultrasonic devices. The above three traits were used as independent variables in multiple regression equations for estimating breast muscle content and lean weight in the whole carcass. The breast muscle content of poultry carcasses can be determined in vivo with high accuracy by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, both techniques are relatively expensive, for which reason they are not widely used in animal breeding.