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The aim of this study was to investigate whether the oxidative stress may be the reason for apoptosis in skeletal muscles in rats. Rats were divided into two groups - controls and exposed to physical exercise. Rats were running on the treadmill at the speed of 1km/h until exhaustion. After the exercise, the concentration of lipid peroxidation markers - malonylodialdehyde and 4- hydroxyalkenes (MDA+4-HDA), and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined in the homogenates of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and slow-twitch (ST) fibres in 2, 6, and 96 h of restitution. Aconitase activity as a marker of oxidative protein modification was determined in ST fibres and EDL muscle. Additionally, apoptosis was detected by the TUNEL technique. A significant increase in MDA+4HDA concentrations in comparison to the control group was noticed in both ST fibres and EDL muscle after 6 h. GSH concentration in 2 and 6 h after exercise was significantly decreased in ST fibres and in EDL muscle in all measurements, when compared to the control group. Aconitase activity in ST fibres and EDL muscle was also significantly decreased 2 h after the exercise when compared to the control group, but increased in 6 h of restitution. Apoptotically-changed nuclei were observed only in EDL fibres. On the basis of the results and the suggested mechanism, it can be thought that the oxidative stress triggers apoptosis in ST fibres and in EDL muscle after exercise and it starts in the mitochondria.
Helicobacter pylori is thought to represent a significant etiopathogenic factor in diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It seems, therefore, important to elaborate effective techniques for its detection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori detection using the PCR technique on paraffin sections with various pairs of primers and to compare the results with those of a histological appraisal. Material for the studies involved 50 paraffin blocks with gastric mucosa biopsies fixed in 4% buffered formalin. In this material 4 tests were performed with the aim of diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection: 1) H+E staining, 2) staining by the Giemsa technique, 3) an immunocytochemical technique with antibodies against H. pylori and 4) the PCR technique with various primers. In the present study the most reliable results for H. pylori detection as well as the most pronounced correlation were obtained by using the PCR technique with primers for the ureC gene, immunohistochemistry and staining according to Giemsa. Less compatible results were obtained employing the two PCR techniques which utilise various primers. The experiments confirmed the usefulness of the PCR technique in the detection of Helicobacter pylori in paraffin sections by using a suitable pair of primers, and also indicated that Giemsa staining and immunohistochemistry should be taken into account.
A number of studies have shown that acute physical exercise is associated with the induction of apoptosis not only in skeletal muscle but also in many distant organs. One of the pathogenic agents responsible for exercise-induced damage in many tissues is the generation of oxygen free radicals. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of exercise-induced oxidative stress on the rat kidney. The analysis was performed on the kidneys of rats subjected to treadmill running until exhaustion. Our results demonstrated that acute exercise led to apoptotic damage of the renal distal tubular cells, although this was not a result of oxidative stress.
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