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The extracts of three emergent macrophytes (Acorus calamus, Oenanthe javanica, and Sagittaria sagittifolia) were tested to study their allelopathic activities on unicellular Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flosaquae, Aphanizomenon flosaquae, and natural phytoplankton assemblages. The 72 h EC₅₀ of the most active extracts were measured. The results demonstrated the obvious species-specific activities of macrophytes on algae. Anabaena flosaquae and Aphanizomenon flosaquae was sensitive to the three macrophytes extracts, while unicellular M. aeruginosa was only sensitive to A. calamus and O. javanica extracts under the extracts concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. Only the extract of A. calamus roots showed high growth inhibition on the natural phytoplankton assemblages in Dianchi Lake (Microcystis water bloom). The 72 h EC₅₀ of A. calamus roots hexane extract on unicellular M. aeruginosa was 13.59 mg·L⁻¹, while that on natural phytoplankton assemblages was 48.75 mg·L⁻¹. These results demonstrated that the growth inhibitory activities of allelochemicals on unicellular M. aeruginosa cannot instead of the efficacies for controlling Microcystis bloom completely. And according to the different sensitivities of Microcystis species, the colonial Microcystis strains or natural Microcystis bloom will be proposed as the target organism when searching for Microcystis bloom control.
Flowback fluids from the hydraulic fracturing process that contain high levels of metals may pose environmental risks. This laboratory study investigated the remediation potential of Phragmites australis to sequester Ba and Sr from flowback liquids. The results indicated that reeds can uptake different concentrations of Ba and Sr from solutions. Roots were the main tissues for metal storage, with 12.26±0.58 mg/g Ba and 2.92±0.12 mg/g Sr sequestered in roots from solutions that contained 80 mg/L Ba and 20 mg/L Sr. The more metals in solutions, the more metals that entered the biomass. Reed, which possesses strong adaptability to different conditions and environments, is a good candidate to clean heavy metal-contaminated water or soil via phytoremediation. Field research on metal accumulation in reeds cultured in flowback liquids is needed to further prove its potential to in situ remediation of a heavy metal-contaminated environment.
Acquisition of inorganic phosphate (Pi) by plant roots is performed by phosphate transporters (PTs) located at the cytoplasmic membranes of epidermal cells and root hairs. A Triticum aestivum PT gene denoted as TaPT2 was functionally characterized in this study. TaPT2 is highly similar to TtPT2 and HvPT2, two PHT1 family genes in T. aestivum/Thinopyrum intermedium and barley, respectively. TaPT2 is 1,802 bp long at the cDNA level; it encodes a 525-amino acid polypeptide with a molecular weight of 57.5 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.65. TaPT2 contains 12 conserved membrane-spanning domains and is transported to the cytosolic membrane after endoplasmic reticulum sorting. Functional complement analysis revealed that TaPT2 endowed Pi transporter activities in a yeast mutant that is defective in Pi uptake, with highaffinity Pi acquisition. TaPT2 transcripts were specifically detected in the roots. The transcripts were upregulated under Pi deprivation and downregulated under Pi sufficiency. These results suggest that TaPT2 expression is associated with external Pi concentration. Transgene analysis revealed that TaPT2 overexpression or knockdown did not regulate plant dry mass production, Pi acquisition, and photosynthetic capacity under Pi sufficiency. Under Pi deprivation, TaPT2 overexpression increased plant dry mass accumulation, total P content per plant, and photosynthetic efficiencies, whereas TaPT2 downregulation reduced plant dry mass, accumulative P amount, and photosynthetic parameters. These results collectively suggest that TaPT2 is a high-affinity PHT1 member that has important functions in mediating plant Pi uptake under Pi deprivation. TaPT2 can serve as a useful gene resource for the improvement of phosphorus use efficiency in cereals under Pi deprivation.
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