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This paper is the first published report describing micropropagation of Carlina onopordifolia, using shoot tip and hypocotyl explants. The explants were excised from 10-day-old seedlings and transferred to proliferation medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA; 1.0 or 3.0 mg l-1), kinetin (Kn; 1.0 or 3.0 mg l-1) or zeatin (ZEA; 1.0 or 3.0 mg l-1) in combination with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.1 mg l-1). The shoot tips were significantly better than hypocotyls as initial material for shoot regeneration. For shoot multiplication, MS medium supplemented with BA proved superior to the other cytokinins tested. Medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 BA gave the highest shoot propagation frequency (66.9%) and number of shoots per explant (2.5). Single shoots were separated from each other and rooted on MS supplemented with IBA for the whole period of culture, with longor short-pulse IBA application. The highest rooting frequency (84.8%) and root number (18.8) were for shortpulse (1 min) 1000 mg l-1 IBA solution. The higher IBA concentration stimulated callus formation and the development of short roots. The shoots were transferred to MS medium without growth regulators. Survival was highest (54.4%) for the plants from the short-pulse 100 mg l-1 IBA treatment. After 8 weeks of acclimatization the plantlets were removed to field conditions and grew normally.
Regenerated plants of Carlina acaulis subsp. simplex induced on shoot tips and fragments of hypocotyls, cotyledons and roots were used as an experimental material. Explants were isolated from 10-day-old, sterile seedlings and were put on growth media supplemented with BA(3 mg × dm⁻³), andNAA(0,l mg × dm⁻³). Plantlets were acclimatized to ex vitro conditions and planted to the field. Analysis of flowering ability, inflorescence stem morphology, and survival level was the objective of the study. The plants regenerated from shoot tips and cotyledons were able to flower in the first year after acclimatization, however no vital seeds were found, while in the case of hypocotyl- and root-regenerated plants flowering appeared in the second year after acclimatization. Number of flowering-able plants grew in time, reaching 100% level. Few percent of inflorescence stems displayed branches ending with additional capitula. The number of this type of plants decreased in successive years, while the average length of inflorescence stem increased. In the case of intensively flowering plants, the survival rate decreased in 3 consecutive years.
Metalotioneiny (MTs) stanowią rodzinę białek niskocząsteczkowych, które bogate są w reszty cysteinowe i posiadają zdolność do wiązania metali ciężkich. Białka te uczestniczą w utrzymaniu homeostazy metali niezbędnych do życia, a także w detoksyfikacji szkodliwych metali ciężkich. Wykorzystując technikę hybrydyzacji northern przeanalizowano poziom ekspresji metalotioneiny 2 Brassica napus L. (BnMT2) w liściach roślin inokulowanych bakteriami ryzosferowymi. Rośliny rosnące w glebie skażonej metalami ciężkimi (Cd, Cu, Zn i Pb), zainokulowane szczepem Bacteroidetes bacterium (I-116-1) i koinokulowane Pseudomonas fluorescens i Variovorax sp. (LIC1 i ML3-12) zawierały największą ilość transkryptu badanego genu. Równoczesne szczepienie rzepaku bakteriami ryzosferowymi B. bacterium, Ps. fluorescens i Variovorax sp. (I-116-1, LIC1 i ML3-12) oraz B. bacterium i Ps. fluorescens (I-116-1 i LIC1) wpływało na nieznaczne zwiększenie poziomu ekspresji BnMT2 w porównaniu do roślin nieinokulowanych. Najniższy poziom ekspresji BnMT2 stwierdzono u roślin rosnących w obecności Ps. fluorescens (LIC1). Poziom ekspresji metalotioneiny 2 w liściach rzepaku zależał od rodzaju bakterii ryzosferowych obecnych w glebie.
The effect of two different iron chelates and iron concentration on multiplication, shoot growth, chlorophyll content and rooting of Carlina onopordifolia were studied in in vitro culture. FeEDTA presented in MS basal medium was replaced by FeEDDHA, which was applied in three concentrations: 93.5, 187.0 and 280.5 mg dm⁻³ (5.6 mg dm⁻³, 11.2 and 16.8 mg dm⁻³ Fe ions, respectively). Changing chelate or iron concentration in the medium had no effect on axillary shoot number proliferation, but growth of shoots was significantly inhibited by a two- and three-fold increase in concentration of FeEDDHA in the medium. Supplementation of the medium with FeEDDHA as Fe source significantly increased the level of chlorophyll in the leaves. After treatment of shoots with IBA for 5 s and growing them on the MS medium supplemented with FeEDTA, the number of roots per shoot was significantly higher than on medium containing FeEDDHA. Increasing the concentration of Fe ions in the medium after a short pulse (5 s) of IBA had no effect on shoot rooting. After 30 s of 1-g dm⁻³ IBA treatment, growth of roots on medium with FeEDDHA was stimulated. The survival rate was relatively low and did not depend on the type and concentration of iron chelate in the rooting medium.
Cirsium pannonicum is a protected species in Poland. The sources of threats are both spontaneous successional changes in vegetation leading to overgrowth of xerothermic grasslands and human activity. Active methods of protection are therefore indispensable for preservation of the species. Micropropagation in an in vitro culture may be one of the useful tools to protect the species actively. The objective of present work was to develop an efficient system for C. pannonicum in vitro propagation and comparison of morphological traits and the ability to flower in plants obtained by micropropagation and from seeds. Isolated shoot tips from 10-day-old seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), kinetin (KN) or zeatin (ZEA) at concentration of 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 mg. L⁻¹ in combination with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.1 mg. L⁻¹). The highest shooting frequency 93.6% and shoot multiplication rate 2.8 shoots/explant was obtained on medium supplemented with 2.0 mg. L⁻¹ BA and 0.1 mg. L⁻¹ NAA. In subsequent subcultures, average 3.3 axillary shoots per explant on MS with 3.0 mg. L⁻¹ BA was recorded, the difference was not statistically significant. The highest rooting frequency 86.1% was observed on 1/2 MS medium. Regenerated plants produced leaf rosettes and inflorescence stems typical for this species. However, compared to plants developed from seeds, these were fewer, much shorter and contained a greater number of capitula on individual stems. In the first year after acclimatization into the field condition, approximately 64% of individuals flowered. During the next years, all plants flowered in a period typical for the species. The flowers were fertile and the seeds were viable.
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Micropropagation of Senecio macrophyllus M.Bieb.

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This is the first protocol for in vitro micropropagation of Senecio macrophyllus. Shoot tips and fragments of the cotyledon, hypocotyls and roots were isolated from 10-day-old sterile seedlings. The morphological response was tested on MS medium supplemented with different types of cytokinins: BA (2.2 μM, 4.4 μM or 13.3 μM), KN (4.7 μM or 13.9 μM) and ZEA (4.6 μM or 13,7 μM) in combination with 0.54 μM NAA or 0.27 μM NAA (with 2.2 μM BA only), but only shoot tips were capable of shoot organogenesis. Shoot proliferation was highest for explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 4.4 μM BA in combination with 0.54 μM NAA. The shoots formed were then multiplied on the same medium. Rooting was achieved on full- and half-strength MS medium without auxin, but shoots cultured on medium BA-supplemented began inducing roots a week later than shoots obtained on media with other types of cytokinins. Well-rooted plantlets were transferred to ex vitro conditions. The survival rate of rooted plants was 100% for plants cultured in a mixture of vermiculite and sand, and 92% for those planted in soil after 4 weeks of acclimatization. In the first year the plants grew intensively under field conditions and were able to develop a leaf rosette. In the second year the plants were able to flower and produce viable seeds.
An efficient micropropagation system for Taraxacum pieninicum using seedling explants germinated in vitro is described. Shoot tips and fragments of cotyledons, hypocotyls and roots were isolated from several-day-old seedlings. The highest response, 100% frequency with 12.3 axillary shoots/explant, was from shoot tips on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 BA and 0.05 mg L-1 NAA. In subsequent subcultures the number of shoots was significantly higher on all explants cultured on medium containing 0.25 and 0.5 mg L-1 BA, and the multiplication rate was highest (20 shoots/explant) in the 4th passage. Shoots rooted on MS and 1/2 MS medium; the highest rooting frequency was 90% and the highest number of roots 2.7/shoot. Rooted plants showed 96.2% survival in sterile soil:sand, and 100% survival in hydroponic culture. Regenerated plants flowered in the second year after acclimatization and yielded viable seeds. This protocol for obtaining complete plants through micropropagation may prove useful for conservation of the genetic resources of this and other endangered species.
The estimation of participation and density of forage species in several xerothermic communities of the Lublin Upland were carried out in 2004 and 2005. Most plants species visited by bees are grouped in plots of the Brachypodio-Teucrietum and the Adonido-Brachypodietum pinnati communities. The nectariferous and polleniferous taxons are mostly perennials predominated by hemicryptophytes (79%), others are terophytes and geophytes (21%). Successive blooming of the nectariferous and polleniferous species in both associations ensures unbroken food flow from the early spring until the late summer and early autumn. Xerothermic swards make a valuable food potential to be important for the Apoidea before and after blooming of the main forage cultivated crops.
An efficient shoot propagation system for Carlina acaulis was developed in this study. The experimental material consisted of shoot tips and fragments of hypocotyls excised from 10-day-old seedlings. The explants were transferred to proliferation medium supplemented with different types of cytokinins: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA, 4.4 or 13.3 µM), kinetin (Kn, 4.7 or 13.9 µM) and zeatin (Zea, 4.6 or 13.7 µM) in combination with naphthaleneacetic acid (0.54 µM NAA). The morphogenetic response was best in culture on medium supplemented with 13.3 µM BA, and shoot organogenesis frequency was highest for shoot tips (100%). On average, 7.5 shoots were induced per explant of the initial material, and the multiplication rate in five subsequent subcultures was 6.1. Shoot length was lower in culture with BA in the medium than with Kn or Zea. Plantlets rooted with 60% frequency in vitro on full-strength MS medium and with 55.3% frequency ex vitro. Reduction of the mineral salt concentration (1/2MS) stimulated rhizogenesis. Addition of auxins stimulated both the frequency and number of roots per shoot, but only in combination with full-strength MS medium. Regenerated plants were able to flower and gave viable seeds.
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