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1

Ageing, aerobic capacity and insulin sensitivity in masters athletes: endurance and speed-power training benefits

100%
Kusy K., Zielinski J.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2014
|
tom 21
|
nr 2
Introduction. Aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity and other cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics determine our health and quality of life. Masters athletes may be regarded as a model population for the assessment of the age-related functional decline, due to their chronic physical activity and lack of factors associated with secondary ageing. So far, ageing studies have concentrated on endurance-trained athletes. Masters speed-power athletes have not been the focus of attention as regards successful ageing and health. This review presents health outcomes in speed-power athletes (SP) with long-standing competitive sport participation compared to endurance-trained athletes (ER) and untrained subjects (UT). Results. SP show a lower level of maximal and submaximal aerobic capacity than ER, but significantly higher than UT. Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in SP are relatively stable across a wide age range (20−90 years) and comparable to these parameters in ER, whereas in UT glucose metabolism visibly deteriorates with age. Some effects of speed-power training are more beneficial than endurance training. These are a slower rate of decline in aerobic capacity and some cardiorespiratory parameters, especially after the age of 50, and a more stable β-cell function. Moreover, master sprinters have better neuromuscular function, higher bone mineral density and lean body/muscle mass than endurance athletes. At the same time, SP’s lipid profile is normal and the risk connected with overload of ligaments and tendons seems to be similar to that in ER. Long-term intensive endurance training, in turn, may induce deleterious changes in the cardiovascular system and increase the risk of some types of heart arrhythmias. Moreover, speed-power training may facilitate the adherence to physical activity. Conclusions. The “speed-power model” of lifelong physical activity should be considered an alternative proposal to support recommended levels of aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity and other health characteristics with ageing.
2

Pathways of purine metabolism: effects of exercise and training in competitive athletes

100%
Zielinski J., Kusy K.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2015
|
tom 22
|
nr 3
Introduction. The main part of skeletal muscle adenosine- 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is restored by inosine monophosphate (IMP) reamination in the purine nucleotide cycle. The intramuscular resources of IMP may be resynthesized via the quick and economical salvage pathway, in which muscle hypoxanthine (Hx) is reconverted to IMP by hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT). IMP is subsequently reutilized in the adenine nucleotide (AdN) pool. Inosine and Hx, which flow out of the skeletal muscle, represent the loss of AdN precursors. In the latter case, full restoration of resting ATP levels depends on a slow and energy-consuming de novo pathway. Plasma Hx and erythrocyte HGPRT are indirect indicators of muscle metabolism, particularly of AdN degradation, that reflect exercise- and training-induced muscle energy status. Results. Our analyses of long-term training cycles in different sports show that plasma Hx concentration and erythrocyte HGPRT activity significantly change in consecutive training phases. Both high-intensity sprint training and endurance training incorporating high-intensity exercise lead to a decrease in plasma Hx levels and an increase in erythrocyte HGPRT activity. The lowest Hx concentration and the highest HGPRT activity are observed in the competition phase characterised by low-volume and high-intensity training loads. Training cessation in the transition phase brings about a reverse phenomenon: an increase in Hx levels and a decrease in HGPRT activity. Conclusions. Low plasma purine levels indicate that the administered training adapts the athletes to high-intensity exercise (more economical AdN use, limited purine efflux from muscle into the blood). Such an adaptation is of great importance for contemporary elite athletes. Purine metabolites are more sensitive markers of training status and better performance predictors than typical biochemical and physiological indicators (e.g. blood lactate and oxygen uptake) in highly-trained athletes of different specializations and ages. The use of Hx and HGPRT for monitoring and control of the training process is worthy of consideration.
3

Changes in physical activity of elite track and field athletes in selected age categories

81%
Zielinski J., Krol-Zielinska M., Kusy K.
Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism
|
2006
|
tom 13
|
nr Suppl.
4

Attitudes of physical education students towards masters athletes

81%
Kusy K., Staniewska A., Zielinski J.
Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism
|
2012
|
tom 19
|
nr 1
5

Physical fitness of elderly people in Poland in comparison with the population of the United States

81%
Krol-Zielinska M., Osinski W., Zielinski J., Kusy K.
Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism
|
2006
|
tom 13
|
nr Suppl.
6

Kinematic analysis of the block start and 20-metre acceleration phase in two highly-trained sprinters: A case report

81%
Janowski M., Zielinski J., Wlodarczyk M., Kusy K.
Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
|
2017
|
tom 09
|
nr 3
Background: The main purpose was to evaluate individual kinematic characteristics in highly trained sprinters during the „set” position, block clearance and a 20-m acceleration phase, as well as to determine differences and/or technique similarities. Material/Methods: The measurements were carried out on two sprinters, members of the Polish national team. A wireless portable MyoMotion system (Noraxon Inc., USA) was applied. Angular changes and accelerations of all limbs, trunk and head were measured. Results: Increased motion asymmetry between sides brought about stride fluctuation and worsened sprint performance. This effect occurred when the sum of the discrepancies for hip, knee and ankle joints exceeded 20° or if one joint exceeded 10°. For acceleration, the adverse effect occurred when the range exceeded 1.40 G during the acceleration phase. Greater asymmetry resulted in lower acceleration during block clearance. During block clearance rear hip and right knee angles did not exceed 110º and 100°, respectively, in the best attempts. The „set” position seemed to have little impact on performance. Conclusions: Sprinters exhibit individual kinematic characteristics. Fast block clearance and stride symmetry are key factors affecting sprint performance during the 20-metres acceleration phase. Additional research is necessary to determine the most effective pattern.
7

Possible uses of infrared thermography in sport

81%
Korman P., Zielinski J., Kusy K., Straburzynska-Lupa A.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2016
|
tom 23
|
nr 2
The authors discuss the physiological bases of thermographic research and review its current applications in sport performance diagnostics on the basis of available professional literature. The methodology of thermographic studies involves the proper preparation of the workstation, thermographic equipment, and the athlete. The authors also refer to the results of their own research conducted during real training sessions. Factors influencing the obtained outcomes are discussed.
8

Practical analysis of the metabolic response to a resistance training session in male and female sprinters

71%
Wlodarczyk M., Kantanista A., Kusy K., Zielinski J., Pospieszna B.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2020
|
tom 27
|
nr 1
Introduction. In modern sport, training individualization and detailed analysis of specific patterns of biochemical indices under certain exercises and training sessions is become more and more crucial. Aim of Study. This study aimed to concurrently evaluate the lactate and blood ammonia response during resistance training in four elite sprinters (two men and two women). Material and Methods. Blood samples were taken from the fingertip before and after the warm-up, after each exercise (power cleans, squat jumps, quarter squats and lunges), and at the 10th and 20th min of the cool-down. Results. In male athletes, maximum lactate concentrations were achieved after the power clean exercise, while peak blood ammonia concentrations after squat jumps. In female athletes, peak blood ammonia and lactate concentrations were noted more individually. The course of changes in lactate concentrations was very diverse in each athlete. The ammonia concentration in response to the performed exercises was much more consistent, however still different between individual athletes. Conclusions. A practical analysis of the metabolic response to different exercises in a resistance training session, using lactate and ammonia concentrations, offers vital information that can help coaches better understand internal training load experienced by the athlete and to better adjust the prescribed loads and rest periods to the training targets in future training sessions.
9

Assessment of intake of essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals and selected indices of nutritional status in short-distance runners

61%
Kasprzak Z., Biernacki J., Nowak A., Zielinski J., Kusy K., Rejewski R.
Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism
|
2006
|
tom 13
|
nr Suppl.
10

Blood lactate, ammonia and kinematic indices during a speed-endurance training session in elite sprinters

61%
Kantanista A., Kusy K., Dopierala K., Trinschek J., Krol A., Wlodarczyk M., Zielinski J.
Trends in Sport Sciences
|
2016
|
tom 23
|
nr 2
Introduction. The analysis of both athletic performance and individual response to exercise helps control the training process. In order to fulfill these needs, various blood biomarkers, along with physiological and biomechanical parameters are tested using modern technology. Aim of Study. The aim of this study was to evaluate athletes’ response to the performed speedendurance training session during the pre-competition phase. Material and Methods. The study sample comprised male sprinters competing in the 100 m, 200 and 4 × 100 m events at the national and international level. During training, blood samples were taken, which were analyzed regarding ammonia and lactate concentrations. Kinematic parameters were analyzed using the Catapult OptimEye S5 system. Results. In all athletes, maximum blood ammonia (176-181 µmol/l) and lactate concentrations (18.0-20.3 mmol/l) were observed three minutes after the last run during the main part of the training session. At the 30th minute of cool down, blood ammonia concentration was similar to the level before warm up, and lactate concentration was still increased. During the main part of the session, sprinters achieved maximum velocity 10.3-10.4 m/s. Conclusions. In highly-trained sprinters, a speed endurance training session causes a strong and prolonged exercise response, manifested by extremely high blood ammonia and lactate concentration as well as maximal heart rate. Kinematic indices help to individually optimize athletes’ exercise loads.
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