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Animal by-products (ABPs), such as processed animal proteins, animal fats, milk and egg products, and former food products represent a potentially valuable resource for feeding livestock. According to Europe’s authorities, around 18 million t of animal fat and meat industry by-products arise annually in the European Union (EU) from slaughterhouses, dairies and plants producing food for human consumption. Another 8 to 12 million t emerge every year as former foodstuffs. Recycling of slaughter by-products and other animal products, sometimes considered as waste materials, into animal feed can bring major benefits to the economics of livestock production and the environment in the EU. Nevertheless, improper and unregulated use of ABPs and food waste, as could be noticed from a number of food crises in the recent past, have a strong public health and economic impact. For a safety reasons most ABP materials have been subject to severe restrictions in their use for feed farm animals in the EU. However, due to the decreasing risk of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, important positive changes of animal by-product processing industry in Europe and developing validated diagnostic methods to test for species-specific material in feed, the European Commission started to reform these stringent rules, thus non-ruminant processed animal proteins has been authorized in aqua feed starting from 1 June 2013. The aim of this review was to describe the status of ABPs in the feed industry, to identify new opportunities, and to place these residue materials in the framework of the EU legislation for safety
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the storage stability of a linseed-sunflower meal co-extrudate, which was produced as a functional additive to improve the fatty acid composition of animal feed. Since a high content of α-linolenic acid causes low oxidative stability of this product, antioxidants, vitamin E (135 mg· 100 g–1) and carvacrol (200 mg· 100 g–1), were added to the co-extrudate in order to prolong its shelf life. The ratio of linseed to sunflower meal in the extruded mixture was 50:50. The produced co-extrudate was stored in a climate chamber at 63 ± 2°C in order to examine changes during storage. The following chemical parameters were determined to detect changes in the fat phase of the co-extrudate: fatty acid composition, peroxide value and free fatty acid content. The samples were also monitored for their microbiological status. Although changes in the peroxide value as well as in the free fatty acid composition were significant, changes in the fatty acid content were minimal. Carvacrol gave excellent results in suppressing microorganism development, while it proved to be less effective as an antioxidant. Vitamin E, on the other hand, showed very good antioxidant activity, but had no significant effect on the growth and development of microorganisms. These two substances did not show any synergistic oxidative effect.
The “hoped for” reduction in the use of antibiotics in pig by EU producers has not been materialized as they are still being widely used for the control of enteric infectious diseases. This practice can spread antibiotic resistance in the farm environment and poses a threat to consumer health. Whilst it is widely recognized that a diversified gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) microbiota is essential for optimal health and performance, the underlying factors favoring the development and maintenance of a balanced intestinal microbiota are not fully understood. PiGutNet will establish the first European network focused on this topic, joining specialists in all research areas. It will define both environmental and host genetic factors affecting the GIT microbiota and the complex interactions between microbiota and gut maturation, to maintain a healthy gut throughout life. The network will coordinate databases and unravel innovative tools to define the status of intestinal eubiosis in pigs. The most important outcomes will be genome/metabolome-wide association studies and the provision of a road map to increase pig resistance against GIT infections. This will have an important translational potential, being the foundation for European companies to develop strategies in the areas of feed additives and animal husbandry, resulting in improved animal health and welfare, consumer protection and competitive advantage for the European agriculture.
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