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Zbadano zawartość wapnia i fosforu w całodziennych racjach pokarmowych dzieci i młodzieży. Stwierdzono, że spożycie wapnia przez dziewczęta i chłopców w grupach wiekowych 10-12 i 13-15 lat wynosiło odpowiednio 43 i 51% oraz 44 i 65% normy bezpiecznego spożycia, natomiast spożycie fosforu przekraczało tą normą i w zależności od wieku wynosiło 122 i 133% dla dziewcząt i 141 i 165% dla chłopców.
Oceniono częstość występowania oraz stopień niedoboru żelaza na tle sposobu odżywiania się uczennic szkół sportowych uprawiąjącycli wioślarstwo. Przebadano 50 dziewcząt w wieku 16-20 lat o średnim stażu treningowym wynoszącym 3 lata. Zawodniczki trenowały 6 dni w tygodniu po 2,5 godz. dziennie. Sposób odżywiania się wioślarek oceniono na podstawie 24-godzinnych wywiadów kwestionariuszowych. Zwyczaje żywieniowe oraz warunki społeczno-bytowe przebadano metodą ankietową. Gospodarkę żelazową oceniono za pomocą następujących wskaźników krwi: żelazo całkowite, całkowita zdolność wiązania żelaza, ferrytyna, transferyna, hemoglobina, hematokryt, ilość erytrocytów, średnie stężenie hemoglobiny w krwince. U badanych dziewcząt oznaczono również stężenie witaminy C w surowicy. Niski poziom żelaza w osoczu wykazano u 32% badanych wioślarek. Brak zmian w obrazie morfologicznym krwi wskazywał na występowanie utajonych niedoborów żelaza bez objawów anemii. Występujące niedobory żelaza były wynikiem nieprawidłowych nawyków i sposobu żywienia się badanych dziewcząt.
The objective of this study was to evaluate bone mineralization (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of the osseous tissue in girls training swimming an being in the period of reaching the peak bone mass, as compared to girls being at a similar age and non-practicing sport, taking into account dietary allowances for calcium and phosphorus and dietary ratios of these elements. Both the swimmers and their non-training colleagues were found to meet nutritional demands to the same extent and their diets did not differ in the intakes of energy nor nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus), which is incorrect in the case of the non-training girls. An alarmingly low intake of calcium at a, simultaneously, excessive intake of protein and phosphorus, as well as incorrect ratios between calcium and phosphorus and between calcium and protein observed especially in the case of the swimmers, might have an adverse effect on the mineralization of osseous tissue in the period of reaching peak bone mass.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selected socio-economic and demographic determinants (the number of children in the family, father's education, standard of living, sex and age) on the pattern of consumption in adolescents occupying rural areas of the central-eastern Poland The study included 564 boys and 548 girls 10-15-years-old. Data on the socio-economic status and dietary habits were collected by means of a diagnostic survey. Dietary habits were determined based on a single 24-hour recall. Results obtained were compared with the RDA for Polish people. The effect of socio-economic and demographic determinants on the pattern of consumption were determined with the use of cluster analysis. The adolescents examined were classified into five homogenous clusters each of which corresponded to a specific pattern of consumption. It was demonstrated that standard of living and the father's education exerted a significant effect on the pattern of consumption in adolescents examined. This effect was hot indicated for the number of children in the family, age and sex.
The aim of the study was (1) to determine changes in the total (TC), free (FC) and esterified (EC) L-carnitine (C) in plasma and urine of biathlonists ingesting various doses of C and (2) to find out whether the quantities of C ingested with the diet covered the metabolic needs for this compound. Male (n = 24) and female (n = 22) athletes, aged 17 years were divided in 4 groups given 0, 250, 500 and 750 mg-d"1 of C, respectively. The contents of energy, selected nutrients and of C were assessed by using the food composition tables. Relative C deficiency was determined from FC/TC and EC/FC ratios obtained from plasma measurements. The supplementation with C increased its concentration in plasma and excretion of FC and TC with urine, the levels of EC remaining relatively stable. Mean values of FC/TC and EC/FC ratios were within normal limits and did not depend on the degree of supplementation with C. However, relative C deficiency was observed in two men and five women and could have resulted from a too low C intake with diet or from an intensified catabolism of fatty acids. Supplementing athletes with small doses of C (250-500 mg·d-1) may thus be recommendable.
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The objective of the study was the knowledge of rational nutrition among athletes aged 16-24 years, representing various sports. No significant differences were found between male and female athletes regarding percentages of correct answers to posed questions, as well as between male athletes representing various sports. In female athletes, however, the frequency of correct answers was higher in case of those engaged in endurance or combat sports than in other sports. A positive relationship was found between the increased level of nutrition knowledge and athletic experience. The levels of knowledge of general biological topics and sources of individual nutrients proved alarmingly low, magazines and books (56%) or family (48%) being indicated as the principal sources, while school was mentioned by 26% of subjects only.
The aim of the study was to assess the mode of nutrition of endurance athletes in view of the Polish recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and special recommendations for athletes. In total, 142 male and 83 female athletes, members of sport clubs or pupils of sport-oriented schools, participated in the study The mode of nutrition was assessed from 24 h dietary recalls for the preceding day. The intakes of energy, selected vitamins and minerals in daily rations were computed by using a specially designed software. Daily energy intake by male subjects corresponded to the mean demand of the group while protein intake exceeded the "safe level of intake" by 58-96%, depending on subjects' age. The itakes of vitamins and minerals were adequate. Energy intake by female subjects was by 15-20% lower from the mean demand and this was also reflected in inadequate intakes of vitamins and minerals (especially calcium and iron) which could have affected the work capacity.
The objective of the study was to establish the effect of different meal frequency ( 3 vs. 6 meals a day) similar in energy and macronutrient content on selected anthropometric and biochemical indices in young men of moderate physical activity in a cross-over experiment lasting 4 + 4 weeks. The subjects were divided in two equal groups, 11 men in each. The following measurements were taken: body height, body weight, skinfolds thickness, total-, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol, glucose and insulin. The eating frequency had only slight effects on the examined indices. More frequent meals resulted in a significant fall in blood glucose and a trend towards improvement of the measures of fat metabolism and insulin. On the other hand, some of the biochemical indices changed over time. The experimental diet, which had lower content of fat and higher proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids than the pre-experimental diet probably had the greatest effect on the results.
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