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Since C. pseudotuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen the aim of this study was focused on evaluating mechanisms that allowed these bacteria to survive in macrophages and determining their influence on induction of cell death. The influence of Corynebacteria on the programmed cell death of macrophages was determined on the basis of induction the autophagy and apoptosis in the cultures of murine macrophage cell lines J774 infected with bacteria. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis strains could survive within macrophages more than 48 hours. During that time bacteria were released as a result of the process that lead to death of phagocytes. This property varied among studied strains. There was no increase of micro- tubule-associated protein I light chain 3 (MAP I LC3) activity in macrophages infected with examined strains comparing with uninfected cultures and cultures treated with autophagy inducer (rapamycin) that served as negative and positive controls, respectively. The study with confocal microscopy did not show the increasing of caspase-3 activity in the infected macrophages and their nucleus did not reveal the fragmentation.
The aim of this study was the characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from milk of cows with mastitis in the north-east region of Poland. Genotyping of 45 isolates by ADSRRS-fingerprinting showed nine different patterns of bands. Genotype D was predominant and 29 S. aureus strains (65.5%) were classified to this genotype. These strains of genotype D had strong pathogenicity, because in the first year of the study only 14.29% isolates belonged to D and in the next year 73.64% isolates. The strains of the predominant genotype showed stronger pathogenic properties then the strains of other genotypes. The majority of them showed a significant adhesion to the epithelial cells of the mammary gland, and the strong ability to produce slime and to form biofilm.
Pyonephritis - a purulent inflammation of the kidney is a serious disease often leading to death of animal, particularly when both kidneys are affected. In the present case a three years old cow on day 5th postpartum suffered from bilateral nephritis. The illness was diagnosed by the clinical examination and rectal sonography. Because of bad prognosis, the cow was slaughtered. Several liters of fluid were found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. The kidneys were enlarged with plum-size yellow-cream pork fat-like changes under the capsule. Massive inflammatory changes in the renal cortex and medulla with granulomas were observed microscopically. The histological structure of the organ was weakly defined. Only few glomerules were visible. There were large necrotic areas with neutrophil infiltration and aggregations of bacteria in the interstitial tissue. Non-haemolytic E. coli and Clostridium sp. were identified bacteriologically from the urine and renal tissue. The pyelonephritis ascendens purulenta et granulomatosa was diagnosed finally.
An adult female budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) was presented with severe dyspnea and microscopically diagnosed with advanced Trichomonas infection. The bird was bought two weeks before presentation and kept with two males in the same room. Because of the negative prognosis the budgerigar was euthanized. Further investigation revealed massive yellow caseous masses in the oropharynx which caused upper larynx blockage, liver massive necrosis and small intestine haemorrhagic inflammation. Psittacine circovirus infection was confirmed with PCR method, while Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus sp., Enterobacter sp. were cultured from intestine samples. These mixed protozoal and bacterial infections were most probably the effect of immunosuppression caused by Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease.
Spirochetes Brachyspira spp. are found in large intestines of humans and animals. The following pathogenic species of Brachyspira are involved in avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS): B. alvinipulli, B. pilosicoli, B. intermedia and B. hyodysenteriae. There are also unclassified spirochetes isolated from birds, which are known as B. pulli. AIS may cause significant economical losses in poultry production. AIS seems to be a fairly widespread problem in laying hens and captive rheas. Chronical infections with a mild course of the disease are difficult to diagnose and only limited data concerning the prevalence, controlling and prevention of AIS are available.
A total of 221 SIG strains were isolated from clinical samples of canine origin submitted to the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Division of Bacteriology and Molecular Biology at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in Warsaw during the period 2006-2010. The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of prevalence of methicillin-resistant SIG strains and to determine the MIC values of cephalotin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, mupirocin for a collection of randomly selected 79 strains belonging to Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG), including 23 mecA-positive and 56 mecA-negative strains. All isolates were identified as belonging to SIG based on their phenotypic properties and PCR amplification of S. intermedius- specific fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. The mecA gene was detected in 26 (12%) of 221 SIG strains. All tested mecA-negative SIG strains were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephalotin. One of the 56 mecA-negative SIG strains was resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (11%) to gentamicin. It was found that sixteen (29%) of 56 mecA-negative SIG strains were resistant to clindamycin. Most of the mecA-positive SIG strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin (96%), clindamycin (96%), and gentamicin (96%). Only one MRSIG strain was resistant to chloramphenicol. All examined mecA-positive SIG strains were found to be susceptible to mupirocin. Our results imply that staphylococcal multidrug resistance has become more prevalent, which could lead to difficulties in effective treatment. With some resistant strains the only therapeutic possibility are antimicrobial agents important in human medicine. New regulations for veterinary medicine concerning appropriate therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistat staphylococci are needed.
We have evaluated 102 Staphylococcus intermedius isolates of canine origin for susceptibility to antimicrobial primary agents, i.e. penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, trimethoprim/sulfonamides, neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, tetracycline, vancomycin, erythromycin and secondary agents, i.e. chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin, imipenem, mupirocin. Antimicrobial sensitivity was examined using the disk diffusion method and performed according to NCCLS quidelines. Methicillin resistance was detected using the disk diffusion method with oxacillin, and the occurrence of mecA gene was detected by PCR. Resistance to streptomycin, penicillin, amoxicillin, neomycin, followed by tetracycline was predominant. From 14 mecA-positive strains, 12 were multidrug-resitant, and the remaining two showed atypical susceptibility. One strain resistant to oxacillin in the disc diffusion method was mecA-negative, suggesting a different mechanism of resistance. Our results indicate that the emergence of S. intermedius resistance to methicillin may be underestimated. In case of clinical multidrug-resitant S. intermedius isolates, resistance to methicillin should be considered.
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