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In the Middle Miocene deposits of the Central Paratethys, lingulides, because of their low taphonomic potential, are very rare and difficult to identify. Two species of Lingula, L. dumortieri Nyst, 1843 and L. dregeri Andreae, 1893, have been recorded from the Badenian (Middle Miocene) of Poland. Re−examination of the specimens has shown that none of them can be referred to Lingula dumortieri (now Glottidia dumortieri). The rounded outline of the scar of the posterior adductor muscle and the lack of the septa indicate that all the specimens must be referred to the genus Lingula. Their valves appear to be slightly more convex than in other species of Lingula and closely resemble the Recent L. tumidula Reeve, 1841. We assign all the specimens of Lingula found in the Miocene of Poland to L. dregeri. Because our specimens are juveniles and some are broken we cannot adequately redescribe this species. Lingula dregeri was distributed in the Middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys (Austria, Poland, Ukraine, Romania), while Glottidia dumortieri occurs in the Pliocene of Northern Europe (Atlantic Province).
The Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) seep carbonate at Omagari (Hokkaido, Japan) yields a monospecific association of the terebratulide brachiopod Eucalathis methanophila Bitner sp. nov. The association is the only occurrence of brachiopods known from the post−Early Cretaceous history of chemosynthesis−based communities. Unlike many earlier rhynchonellide−dominated hydrocarbon seep associations—which disappeared in Aptian times—this association is composed of chlidonophorid terebratulides. It is hypothesised here that large rhynchonellide brachiopods have been outcompeted from chemosynthesis−based associations by large chemosymbiotic bivalves (especially lucinids) and that this seep association containing numerous terebratulide brachiopods originated as a result of immigration from the background fauna settling in a seep that lacked numerous large bivalves but offered some hard substrates for brachiopod attachment. Some living chlidonophorids are known to settle around seep/vent localities or more generally in deep−water hard−substrate settings. We review occurrences of brachiopods in chemosynthesis−based associations and show that brachiopods immigrated repeatedly to seep/vent environments. Eucalathis methanophila Bitner sp. nov. represents the oldest and single Mesozoic record of the genus. The new species is similar in ornamentation to three living species, Indo−Pacific E. murrayi, eastern Atlantic E. tuberata, and Caribbean E. cubensis but differs in having a higher beak and wider loop. Additionally the studied species is nearly twice as large as E. tuberata.
The ability to see and understand the three−dimensional structure of an investigated object plays a key role in studying fossil remains. All living organisms are formed in threedimensions, but unfortunately fossilization processes often reduce overall shape, making it difficult to gather information about real overall appearance, functionality, and inner structure. Here, using a specimen of the brachiopod Terebratula terebratula we demonstrate a non−destructive technique for exploring the 3−D internal structure of fossil remains. The use of tomography allows the construction of a set of transverse serial sections in the manner used by brachiopod researchers for decades.
We present a systematic study of late Paleocene macrofauna from methane seep carbonates and associated driftwood in the shallow marine Basilika Formation, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The fauna is composed of 22 taxa, comprising one brachiopod, 14 bivalves, three gastropods, three crustaceans, and one bony fish. The reported fish remains are among the first vertebrate body fossils from the Paleogene of Spitsbergen. One genus is new: the munidid decapod Valamunida Klompmaker and Robins gen. nov. Four new species are described: the terebratulide brachiopod Neoliothyrina nakremi Bitner sp. nov., the protobranch bivalve Yoldiella spitsbergensis Amano sp. nov., the xylophagain bivalve Xylophagella littlei Hryniewicz sp. nov., and the munidid decapod Valamunida haeggi Klompmaker and Robins gen. et sp. nov. New combinations are provided for the mytilid bivalve Inoperna plenicostata, the thyasirid bivalve Rhacothyas spitzbergensis, the ampullinid gastropod Globularia isfjordensis, and the munidid decapod Protomunida spitzbergica. Thirteen taxa are left in open nomenclature. The fauna contains a few last occurrences of Cretaceous survivors into the Paleocene, as well as first occurrences of Cenozoic taxa. It is composed of chemosymbiotic thyasirid bivalves and background species common in the northern Atlantic and Arctic during the Paleocene. Our results provide no evidence for a Paleocene origin of vesicomyid and bathymodiolin bivalves typical for Eocene and younger seep environments; instead, the Paleo cene seeps of the Basilika Formation are more similar to their Late Cretaceous equi valents rich in thyasirids.
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