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The aim of the study was to determine the abundance of soil microbiome and enzymatic activity Hin a control soil sample and in samples with post−mining sediment containing high concentrations of arsenic and some trace elements. The samples were collected under two−year−old seedlings of Norway maple (Acer plantanoides L.) and small−leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.), which came from the Pniewy Forest District (western Poland). Optical emission spectrometry with excitation in plasma induced by the Agilent 5110 ICP−OES spectrometer was applied to analyse the concentration of arsenic and other heavy metals in the substrates and plant material. Before analysis the samples were mineralised with concentrated (65%) nitric acid (V). The count of selected groups of soil microorganisms was measured with the serial dilution method by Koch. The microbiome was measured on selective media. The activity of dehydrogenases as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase was measured spectrophotometrically. The soil and sediment on which the seedlings grew were characterised by the following physicochemical parameters: soil texture (control – loamy sand, sediment – silt), pH (control – 5.85−5.92, sediment – 7.13−7.43), the content of phosphorus (control – 117−121 mg/kg, sediment – 38−46 mg/kg), potassium (control – 6.97−7.03 mg/kg, sediment – 57−61 mg/kg), nitrogen (control – 0.53−0.65 mg/kg, sediment – 1.7−2.1 mg/kg) and total carbon (control – 9.4−10.2 g/kg, sediment – 54.2−57.2 g/kg). The samples contained: control – 0.24 mg/kg, sediment – 282 mg/kg of Astotal, control – below the detection limit, sediment – 1,766 and 16,220 mg/kg of As(III) and (V) respectively. The counts of the microorganisms were lower (10³−105) than in typical arable soils (105−109). The counts of bacteria and actinobacteria under the lime seedlings in the control were greater than in the sediment, whereas the counts of moulds were roughly identical. The counts of bacteria and moulds in the sediments under the maple seedlings were greater than in the control, whereas the counts of actinobacteria were roughly identical. The sediments under both species exhibited higher alkaline and acid phosphatase activity than the control soil sample. Only dehydrogenases exhibited higher activity in the control soil under both tree seedlings.
Increasing pollution of the environment causedby heavy metals is becoming a significant problem in developing cities. Species andcultivars of plants for urban plantings shouldexhibit tolerance to these pollutants, andwhat is even more significant, through their absorption they shouldred uce the level of environmental contamination. The aim of the research was to determine whether Berberis thunbergii (DC.), which was grown in the immediate vicinity of roads, developed mechanisms limiting harmful effects of accumulating heavy metals. The mechanism for heavy metal resistance, involving the generation of phytochelatins (PCs), was investigatedin relation to As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn accumulation. Levels of thiols, i.e. glutathione (GSH) andphytochelatins (PCs), increasedin plants grown in pollutedareas in the city of Poznań in comparison to a residential site (control) and it was related to the activity of phytochelatin synthase (PC-synthase) andthe accumulation of metals. The results indicate that in Berberis thunbergii growing in the polluted urban environment a defense mechanism adapting the plant to potentially adverse conditions was initiated.
Introduction. Intake of wild growing edible mushroom in selected regions of Europe (especially East and Central Europe) is significant. Additionally, mushrooms are able to accumulation many times higher amounts of nutritional and toxic elements than plants, therefore knowledge on their concentration levels and changes in their content is important for human health. Material and methods. Eleven biologically important (Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr, Zn) and five toxic elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Fig, Pb) were determined in twenty three fruiting bodies of edible wild growing mushroom species. The tested mushroom species: were collected from selected places located practically throughout Poland. Efficiency of element accumulation in mushrooms and soils were analysed by flame atomie absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and atomie emission spectrometry (AES). Results. The highest concentrations for K, Mg, Na, Zn and Fe and significantly lower concentrations of Ba, Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb and Sr were observed. Additionally, significant lower accumulations of elements by the lamellar were found in comparison to the tubular fungi. Conclusion. Based on presented results in our opinion an occasional intake of the analysed mushrooms is not dangerous to humans. Of course, some toxic elements (Hg or Pb) are accumulated in human organs, but these elements are provided also with other foodstuffs (vegetables, fruits, meat) or drinks.
We measured cadmium and lead concentrations in two littoral plants (Phragmites australis Cav. Trin ex. Steudel and Typha angustifolia L.) collected in June and September 2007 from five selected lakes in the Poznan city area, and also in sediment and water samples from the same places. We determined the metal concentrations in rhizomes and leaves, and in sediment and water from the littoral and near the bank zone. Only low levels of the heavy metals were found. Pb and Cd concentrations were higher in water collected from the bank zone than from the littoral zone. Pb and Cd accumulation was noted in sediments. Heavy metal levels were higher in rhizomes than in stems and leaves. The studied aquatic macrophytes may be bioaccumulators and bioindicators of Pb and Cd in freshwater in natural conditions, even when concentrations are low.
Introduction. This paper constitutes a supplementary study of the research conducted to assess accumulation efficiency of selected trace elements by Xerocomus badius fruiting bodies picked in some regions of Poland in selected years. Material and methods. Atomic absorption/emission spectrometry techniques (FAAS and AES) were applied to determine in the fruiting bodies of this mushroom species the total contents of Ca, K, Mg and Na, as well as Al as a metal capable of entering into easy interactions with nutritional elements and inhibiting their proper action in the human organism. Results. The highest concentrations of Al, K and Mg were determined in mushroom fruiting bodies collected in the Lower Silesia Voivodeship, amounting to 28.08 ±5.81 mgkg'1 d.w., 2.39 ±0.21 gkg'1 d.w. and 372.31 ±90.55 mg kg'1 d.w., respectively. On the other hand, the highest concentrations of Ca (78.08 ±24.64 mg kg'1 d.w.) were recorded in mushrooms from the Łódź Voivodeship, while the highest concentrations of Na (77.03 ±20.46 mg kg'1 d.w.) - in those from the Pomeranian Voivodeship were observed. In general, BCF > 1 was found only for K accumulation. Conclusion. Concentrations of nutritional elements determined in this study revealed that the consumption of X. badius fruiting bodies supplied only smali quantities of these constituents in comparison with the amounts consumed in other produets. The detected Al concentrations showed that fruiting bodies of this mushroom species consumed in Poland during the past 20 years could not lead to health problems caused by the presence of this metal.
One-year-old cuttings of basket willow (Salix purpurea × viminalis) were cultivated hydroponically under increasing Cu concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 3 mM) and at four Ca/Mg ratios (4:1, 1:10, 20:1 and 1:¼). After 14 days, rhizosphere and leaf samples were analysed. Salix plants were able to release relatively high amounts of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in a short period of time. The total amount of LMWOAs increased with increasing Cu concentrations. Oxalic and acetic acids were dominant, and act as complexing agents for Cu ions, and therefore, organic exudates should be taken into account in phytoextraction of polluted areas. The Ca/Mg ratio of the medium significantly influenced not only concentration, but also the composition of LMWOAs. Phenolics content in leaves increased with the excess of Ca and Mg and with Cu level in the medium for all Ca/Mg ratios. The accumulation of glucose, fructose and sucrose in leaves was observed for deficiency and excess of Ca and/or Mg and Cu treatment at all Ca/Mg ratios. Excess calcium (Ca/Mg = 20:1) led to strong induction of salicylic acid biosynthesis, probably resulting from enhanced oxidative stress.
Introduction. As regards a significant intake of wild growing edible mushrooms, especially in East and Central Europe, concentrations of toxic elements should be periodically analysed. The aim of the study was to assess changes in concentrations of selected trace elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) in a mushroom species, Xerocomus badius. Material and methods.Xerocomus badius fruiting bodies were collected from five regions of Poland within the last 20 years (selected years when these mushrooms were growing). Flame atomie absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used for determination of 10 elements while for Hg cold vapour atomie absorption spec- trometry (CVAAS) was used. Results. Generally the results show no significant differences in the accumulation efficiency of individual elements by mushrooms collected from different regions of Poland, but significant differences were observed in the accumulation efficiency of these elements by mushrooms collected in particular years of their harvest. The highest accumulation indicated by bioconcentration factors (BCFs) was observed for Cu (10.03), Hg (148.15) and Zn (4.88). Conclusion. Concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn in the tested mushrooms were found to be lower than the values of the recommended dietary allowances (RDA), therefore the levels of these elements are not toxic for people. In our opinion, occasional consumption of these mushroom fruiting bodies within the last 20 years in Poland did not provide significant amounts of analysed trace elements (no more than other foods).
This work reports a part of hydroponic experiment results concerning changes in Salix viminalis L. cv. ‘Cannabina’ morphology and physiology under stress conditions with different copper concentration levels and verifies our earlier results about the role of different Ca/Mg ratios in trace elements’ accumulation efficiency. In this part, we present the copper accumulation and changes in willow biomass. Concentration of copper in roots, rods, shoots and leaves was analyzed with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Selected indices characterizing copper accumulation and plant biomass structure were calculated to estimate the potential of willow to remove metal from polluted solution. Our results indicate a general increase of copper accumulation by selected willow organs with increase of copper concentration in modified Knop’s medium. Moreover, significant differences in copper phytoextraction between plants under different Ca/Mg ratios were affirmed (1:10[4:1[20:1[1:1/4).
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of various Zn application levels on some physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters of a hybrid Salix purpurea 9 triandra 9 viminalis 2. Plants were cultivated under control conditions with application of Zn in the range 0–5 mM. The effects on net photosynthesis rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO2 (Ci), chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, growth, sugars and phenols were analysed. Our investigations confirmed a dual role of Zn, with benefits at the level 1–2.5 mM, and a decrease of measured photosynthesis activity, carbohydrates and chlorophyll below and above this range. Moreover, the decrease of these parameters at the highest Zn application did not reach the level of control plants. This means that this species may have further potential as an accumulator in polluted areas. However, phenols revealed a continuous increase together with Zn increase in the medium.
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