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Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Zygophyllum xanthoxylon are typical plants in the West Ordos National Natural Reserve of Inner Mongolia, China. The populations of A. mongolicus had few young individuals and senesced. However, Z. xanthoxylon was growing well in the habitat of A. mongolicus. In addition, there is little information to compare their seed germination and seedling growth under combined salt and drought environments. In order to exploring the reason for the actuality, a study was conducted to quantify the interactive effects of salinity and drought stresses on seed germination and seedling growth of A. mongolicus and Z. xanthoxylon and then to compare the survival strategies of both shrubs. The experiment consisted of seven gradient concentrations of salinity (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 % NaCl) in each of the six drought stress levels (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.8, -1.6 and -2.0 Mpa polyethylene glycol). As expected, combined salinity and drought stresses had significant (P\0.05) interactive effects on seed germination of the two tested shrubs. There was significant decrease in these indices, in response to increased salt and/or drought stresses. The higher germination rate and shorter germination duration were detected for A. mongolicus, which may lead to the loss of seed bank. In addition, the radicle length of A. mongolicus (0–2.3 cm) was shorter than that of Z. xanthoxylon (0–14.6 cm), indicating less resistance of seedlings to the volatile conditions in the surface of arid soil. The stepwise regression analysis showed that salinity was the dominant influencing factor and followed by drought in seed germination and seedling growth under salt–drought mixed stress.
A study quantifying the effects of different copper (Cu) concentrations (50, 200, 800 and 1,000 mg kg⁻¹ Cu) on Cu bioaccumulation and physiological responses of Spartina alterniflora was conducted. Plant biomass and Cu accumulation were determined. Plant height, tiller number, chlorophyll, leaf electrolyte leakage rate (ELR), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble sugar, and organic acids were also measured. The results showed that S. alterniflora mainly accumulated Cu in fine roots. No significant changes of biomass of fine roots were detected except for obvious reduction under 1,000 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. In leaves, rhizomes and fine roots, the highest Cu accumulations were detected under 800 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. The highest Cu accumulation in stem was revealed under 200 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. Plant height decreased under 1,000 mg kg⁻¹ Cu; chlorophyll content reduced under >50 mg kg⁻¹ Cu; levels of ELR and MDA increased under >200 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. However, osmotic components such as proline and soluble sugar were accumulated to cope with higher Cu stresses (800 and 1,000 mg kg⁻¹ ). Further, oxalic and citric acids were positively related with Cu contents in leaves and stems, suggesting that oxalic and citric acids may be related to Cu detoxification in aboveground parts of S. alterniflora. However, in above and belowground parts, no detoxification function of ascorbic and fumaric acids was observed due to unchanged or decreased trend under Cu stress.
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