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Callus tissue culture of Solanum laciniatum Ait. which is a source of diosgenin used in pharmaceutic industry was initiated from leaves and shoots explants on KD solid medium with various combinations of phytohormones. Culture was maintained at 25°C, light intensity 1700 lux and photoperiod 16 h. Obtained callus was treated with plant growth regulators to induce tissue differentiation. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium with half concentration of salts and vitamins and the absence of hormones. Rooted plantlets were planted Into pots with sterilized soil and placed in greenhouse.
Tissue cultures of Tagetes erecta Linn. were initiated from leaves and flowers on MS and RT media with various cytokinins and auxins combinations Cultures were maintaned at 25°C, light intensity 3000 lux and photo-period 16 h. Obtained callus tissue was transferred on regeneration medium (MS plus various combinations of growth regulators) for differentiation. The best organogenesis was observed on MS plus BA 5 mg/dm3 plus IAA 3mg/dm3 medium. Rooted plantlets were transferred to sterilized soil. Regeneration of plant from leaves tissue culture was not successful. The presence of pyrethrins in callus was detected.
Tissue culture of leaf explants of Chrysanihemum cinerariaefolium Vis. was established on 6 solid media (RT and MS with various conbinations of hormones) to determine the most favourable medium content. Obtained callus culture were transferred onto regenerating media.Differentiation of tissue was the best on MS + kinetin 2 mg/dm3 + NAA 0,02 mg/dm3 + GA 10 mg/dm3. Regeneration of Ch.cinerariaefolium Vis. plant from shoot tips was achieved also. Presence of Pyrethrins in the obtained tissue culture was detected.
In recent years an increasing interest in biological plant protection methods is being observed. The reason for developing biological control methods is the occurrence of resistance of pests to chemical pesticides, which induces the ecological danger for natural environment. In view of current achievements and development perspectives for biopesticides usage in plant protection the results regarding the antagonistic activity of microorganisms isolated from several insect species strains against bacterial and fungal pathogens are discussed.
The tissue culture of Ch. cinerariaefolium was maintained on the different media. Addition of carbendazim (500 mg/dm3) and ascorbinic acid (1000 mg/dm3) strongly stimulated Pyrethrins biosynthesis. Differentiation of calluss culture on medium with gibberelic acid GA3 remarkably increased yield of Pyrethrins. The cell suspension culture was initiated from callus. Addition of Pyrethrins biosynthesis stimulators to cell suspensions had similar effect as in callus cultures, but Pyrethrins content in suspension was significantly lower. Amounts of Pyrethrins in both callus and suspension cultures however were considerably (about 10 times) lower than in parent plants.
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Neuroendocrine control of metabolic homeostasis in Polish centenarians

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Neuropeptides play a pivotal role in the control of metabolic homeostasis. We aimed to evaluate the release of neuropeptides involved in the control of energy homeostasis in relation to metabolic status in aging humans. The study group consisted of 183 women: 75 centenarians (above 100 yrs old), 26 elderly women (below 70 yrs), 45 younger women (mean 26 yrs) and 37 obese women (mean 41.6 yrs). Fasting plasma concentration of leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin active, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and insulin were measured. Our results showed several differences in the metabolic and neurohormonal status in the centenarian group. The incidence of hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia was lower compared with obese women. Leptin and NPY concentrations were significantly lower than in elderly and obese subjects. Moreover, NPY level was higher than that in the younger group. Plasma adiponectin values were higher than in any of the other group. Insulin levels were significantly lower compared with the young and obese groups. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between adiponectin and HOMA-IR, and adiponectin and insulin. Ghrelin active concentrations were significantly lower compared with the young subjects. However, ghrelin levels were higher than in obese subjects. We conclude that altered neuropeptide activity in centenarians may play a role in the mechanisms contributing to prolonged survival.
Factor V Leiden (G1691A FV mutation) is a widely acknowledged risk factor of deep vein thrombosis, including pulmonary embolism as the most serious complication. However, its high prevalence of ~5% in the Caucasian population might be related to an unknown evolutionary advantage. It might exert a beneficial effect on the carrier, e.g. protecting women from excessive bleeding during labour or allowing increased survival in severe sepsis or with other inflammatory diseases. The aim of our study was to verify or contradict the hypothesis of a favourable association between the A allele (A1691) and longevity in the Polish population. For this purpose, the G1691A mutation was analyzed by PCR-RFLP in 1016 Poles: 400 neonates (187 female and 312 male), 184 healthy adults (129 female and 55 male), and 432 long-lived individuals (age ≥ 95 years: 343 women and 89 men). Frequencies of G1691A carriers and the A1691 allele in long-lived individuals (0.2% and 0.1%, respectively) were significantly lower than in neonates (4.2% and 2.2%, respectively) and adults (3.3% and 1.6%). The frequency of the G1691A factor V Leiden mutation decreased with age, which indicates a shorter survival time among A1691 allele carriers in the Polish population.
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