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Hyperglycemia-induced alterations of adenosine receptors (ARs) expression are implicated in the pathomechanism leading to impaired function of the lymphocytes in diabetes. However, the signaling pathways utilized by glucose to regulate ARs expression are unknown. This work was undertaken to investigate the impact of high glucose level on the ARs expression in rat B lymphocytes. The results presented in this report demonstrate that rat B lymphocytes express all four types of ARs at the mRNA and protein level. Exposing B cells to high glucose (25 mM) suppressed the expression of A1-AR, A2B-AR, and A3-AR, but had no effect on the expression of A2A-AR. A selective inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms suppressed the high glucose effect on A3-AR expression. Inhibition of PKC- with rottlerin blocked the high glucose effect on A1-AR mRNA level. An inhibitor of Raf-1 kinase completely blocked the high glucose effect on A2B-AR expression. The suppression of A1-AR and A2B-AR mRNA expression induced by high glucose was blocked by an inhibitor (PD98059) of MAPK kinase (MEK). In conclusion, high glucose utilizes a signaling pathway involving some elements of the MAPK pathway and different PKC isoforms to suppress the expression of A1-AR, A2B-AR, and A3-AR in rat B lymphocytes.
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine are the crucial endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. In this study we identified the source of extracellular adenosine in human B lymphoblasts, and evaluate the ATP release and metabolism. We observed that the B cells continuously released substantial quantities of ATP (35 pmol/106 cells) when subjected to slow motion in the incubation medium. The adenosine level in the B cell incubation medium was very low, and increased (5-fold) upon inhibition of adenosine deaminase activity with 10 µM of 2-deoxycoformycin (DCF). Inclusion of an inhibitor of equilibrate nucleoside transport (nitrobenzylthioinosine) in the incubation medium in the presence of DCF resulted in the elevation of adenosine level by 9-fold. Inhibition of ecto-ATPase activity with 100 µM of ARL67156 was associated with a 2-fold increase of the extracellular ATP level and a 3-fold decrease of adenosine concentration in the cell culture media. Inclusion of ,ß-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate, a selective inhibitor of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in the incubation medium resulted in a significant decrease (7-fold) the adenosine concentration. In conclusion, our results indicate that ATP released from the B cell is the primary source of peripheral adenosine, and that the activities of ecto enzymes and the efficiency of Ado uptake through the nucleoside transporters determine the Ado level on the B cell surface.
In diabetes several aspects of immunity are altered, including the immunomodulatory action of adenosine. Our study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different glucose and insulin concentrations on activities of adenosine metabolizing enzymes in human B lymphocytes line SKW 6.4. The activity of adenosine deaminase in the cytosolic fraction was very low and was not affected by different glucose concentration, but in the membrane fraction of cells cultured with 25 mM glucose it was decreased by about 35% comparing to the activity in cells maintained in 5 mM glucose, irrespective of insulin concentration. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) and ecto-5'-NT in SKW 6.4 cells depended on insulin concentration, but not on glucose. Cells cultured with 10-8 M insulin displayed an about 60% lower activity of cytosolic 5'-NT comparing to cells maintained at 10-11 M insulin. The activity of ecto-5'-NT was decreased by about 70% in cells cultured with 10-8 M insulin comparing to cells grown in 10-11 M insulin. Neither insulin nor glucose had an effect on adenosine kinase (AK) activity in SKW 6.4 cells or in human B cells isolated from peripheral blood. The extracellular level of adenosine and inosine during accelerated catabolism of cellular ATP depended on glucose, but not on insulin concentration. Concluding, our study demonstrates that glucose and insulin differentially affect the activities of adenosine metabolizing enzymes in human B lymphocytes, but changes in those activities do not correlate with the adenosine level in cell media during accelerated ATP catabolism, implying that nucleoside transport is the primary factor determining the extracellular level of adenosine.
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