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The aim of this study was to determine: (a) whether progesterone affects the expression of the gene for its own receptor, thereby affecting its own synthesis; (b) whether oxytocin (OT) and noradrenaline (NA) influence the expression of gene for receptor (R) of OT (OT-R), progesterone (PR-R), and β2-R, determined by means of real-time PCR; (c) whether OT, progesterone, and NA affects the protein level for receptors of OT and β2, determined by means of the Western blot. Luteal cells isolated from the corpus luteum (CL) on days 6-10 and 11-16 of the oestrous cycle were used in the study. The luteal cells were treated with luteinising hormone (LH; 100 ng/mL), progesterone (10⁻⁵ M), OT (10⁻⁷ M), NA (10⁻⁵ M), and prostaglandin (PG) E₂ (10⁻⁶ M) for 6 h for the gene expression and for 24 h for the measurement of receptor protein. Thereafter, medium was collected for the determination of progesterone concentration. LH and PGE₂ increased luteal secretion of P4 on days 6-10 and 11-16 after 6 h and 24 h stimulation. LH increased expression of the gene for PR-R on days 6-10 and 11-16 but PGE₂ only on days 6-10 of the oestrous cycle. OT stimulated gene expression for its own receptor on days 11-16, while progesterone only increased OT-R protein on days 6-10 of the cycle. The obtained data suggest a positive intra-ovarian feedback mechanism between progesterone and OT that enhances the function of CL in the cow.
Progesterone (P4), which is produced by the corpus luteum (CL), creates proper conditions for the embryo implantation, its development, and ensures proper conditions for the duration of pregnancy. Besides the non-genomic activity of P4 on target cells, its main physiological effect is caused through genomic action by the progesterone nuclear receptor (PGR). This nuclear progesterone receptor occurs in two specific isoforms, PGRA and PGRB. PGRA isoform acts as an inhibitor of transcriptional action of PGRB. The inactive receptor is connected with chaperone proteins and attachment of P4 causes disconnection of chaperones and unveiling of DNA binding domain (DBD). After receptor dimerization in the cells’ nucleus and interaction with hormone response element (HRE), the receptor coactivators are connected and transcription is initiated. The ratio of these isoforms changes during the estrous cycle and reflects the different levels of P4 effect on the reproductive system. Both isoforms, PGRA and PGRB, also show a different response to the P4 receptor antagonist activity. Connection of the antagonist to PGRA can block PGRB, but acting through the PGRB isoform, P4 receptor antagonist may undergo conversion to a strongly receptor agonist. A third isoform, PGRC, has also been revealed. This isoform is the shortest and does not have transcriptional activity. Alternative splicing and insertion of additional exons may lead to the formation of different PGR isoforms. This paper summarizes the available data on the progesterone receptor isoforms and its regulatory action within the female reproductive system.
Progesterone (P4), which is produced in the corpus luteum, determines the timing of the estrous cycle and pregnancy in many species. The physiological effect of P4 upon target cells is mediated through interaction of this hormone with two specific nuclear progesterone receptor isoforms (PR-A and PR-B), but also through non-genomic mechanisms. The non-genomic action of P4 has been found in the cells of a number of tissues, including in the female reproductive tract. However, the nature of this mechanism is still unknown. It has been determined that P4 can directly affect enzyme activity, nonspecificly change the membrane fluidity which affects receptor stability or it can bind specific membrane receptors for P4, which stimulate early intracellular signaling pathways and initiate the specific cellular response. There are at least three different proteins localized in the cell membrane, which can be a potential membrane progesterone receptor. This paper presents the latest data concerning the intracellular and membrane progesterone receptor and the genomic and non-genomic action of P4 in the female reproductive tract.
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