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The aim of the work was to find out what is the prevalence and burden of Campylobacter sp. in the poultry exudates, what are the predominant species, how diverse they are, and can poultry exudates be considered as the essential carriers of campylobacters posing a health risk of campylobacteriosis in Poland. Broilers' and turkeys' exudates, collected directly from the bulk containers at the day of delivery were subjected to pre-enrichment and direct plate counting according to ISO 10272 (1995) with presumptive C. jejuni strains subjected to confirmatory genetic identification by the nested PCR and RAPD typing. The results indicated that over 90% of the exudates tested carried Campylobacter sp., with their number being significantly higher in broilers' (10³ to 10⁵ cfu mL⁻¹) compared to turkeys' (10² to 10⁴ cfu mL⁻¹) (P≤0.05), and essentially higher (P≤0.05) for the broiler parts' "skin on" exudates. C jejuni was the only species present in the turkeys' and predominant in broilers' parts' exudates. RAPD-typing of the isolates revealed 14 distinct RAPD types with the majority of C. jejuni isolates considered to be closely related.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from fish and subsurface layers of the Odra Estuary waters were examined. Statistical comparison showed that the increase in numbers of S. cerevisiae strains was related to an increase in the total number of yeasts and yeast-like fungi in tested samples. In case of analysis of fish mycoflora, correlation wasn’t observed between fish species, places of catch and total viable count of yeasts and yeast-like fungi. RA PD-PCR analysis enabled us to distinguish three main groups; ten genotypes each were determined.
The work was focused on changes in the prevalence and numbers of Campylobacter sp. on processed broiler carcasses in Poland in the annual cycle. The subjects of the analysis were skin samples collected monthly directly from the poultry processing line, prior to the breast filleting production stage. The procedure used included simultaneous pre-enrichment and direct plate counting according to ISO 10272 (1995) with the detection level (1cfu g⁻¹), followed by biochemical identification of the species. For the strains identified biochemically as C. jejuni confirmation by the nested PCR method was done. The incidence rate of campylobacter contamination of processed broiler carcasses tested exceeded 88%, with numbers of Campylobacter sp. ranging from 10º to 10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ and C. jejuni being the most frequently isolated species. The differences in the incidence rate of campylobacter contamination of the skin of the processed broiler carcasses were statistically significant among the seasons and highly statistically significant among months. As for the campylobacter contamination level of processed poultry carcasses, variations in the numbers of the bacteria were statistically not significant among the seasons and highly significant for months, being visibly lower in June and the highest in July.
A total of 90 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from 4 hospitals in the west-north region of Poland were studied by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). AP-PCR results revealed the presence of 11 main groups of patterns (A-K) and 5 unique patterns among isolates. Generally, they were characterized by high resistance to antibiotics tested and significant differences in serogroups and types of growth on Cetrimide Agar medium. It was observed that clonally related strains were isolated from patients within the same ward, among different wards as well as in distant hospitals.
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