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Research on the influence of land use changes and erosion and flood control measures on a reduction of harmful effects of extreme rainfall-runoff events has occourred at the experimental Němčický stream basin since 2005. It has been documented by obtained results of rainfall and discharge gauging and by water sample analyses that sediment transport significantly corresponds with the cover efficiency of agricultural crops. Based on the analysis of particular comparable rainfall-runoff episodes, it can be stated that the protection (e.g. grassing, growing of narrow-row crops) of slopes adjacent to watercourses has a crucial influence on the reduction in surface water pollution with insoluble substances. In such cases the efficiency of grass cover is 90-99% compared to bare soil, while the efficiency of narrow-row crops is 50-80% in comparison with bare soil. The efficiency of narrow-row crops at the time of maximum vegetation stand is close to that of permanent grasslands.
The paper is focused on two crucial landscape-forming aspects: linear elements (watercourses, linear tree plantings, road network) and neighbouring edges of landscape segments, or ecotones. Linear elements accentuate the character of landscape, its division, pattern, and contribute significantly to landscape passability and its diversity. The edges of neighbouring landscape segments not only create the spatial arrangement of landscape, but they also are important habitats for plants and animals. So they are irreplaceable for the maintenance of ecological stability of landscape and they are an important element of its biodiversity. The analysis of trends of changes in the length of linear elements and ecotone edges was performed in three time horizons: in the first half of the 19th century, in the 1960s, and at the present time. The evaluation was done in four model territories. Ous paper evaluates the sinuosity of linear elements (roads and railways, watercourses, dirt roads, linear tree plantings) and the lengths of common borders of segments of arable land – permanent grasslands and arable land – forests.
Extreme discharge rate increases in small streams caused by sudden extreme precipitation events are classifi ed as small-scale pulse-type disturbances. Small highland brooks in agricultural landscapes (arable land and meadows) are frequently characterised by extremely low flows during normal conditions, plus the rare appearance of high-flow events that periodically may reset their ecosystems. We studied two small highland brooks to assess the impact of extreme discharge rates (flow pulses) upon periphyton, macrozoobenthos, and fish assemblages. No distinct changes were recorded in composition of periphyton assemblage or fish (brown trout, Salmo trutta m. fario) occurrence following such flow pulses. Cyanobacteria, however, were absent following a flow pulse, while growth appeared to be boosted in green algae (Chlorophyceae). Similarly, there was no negative response observed in macrozoobenthos communities, with density, diversity, taxa richness, and saprobic indices remaining either more-or-less unchanged or considerably enhanced following high-discharge episodes. These observations were confi rmed through Sörensen’s similarity indices, which indicated no signifi cant change in either periphyton or macrozoobenthos following such episodes.
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