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New collections of bryozoans from the Middle Jurassic (Late Bajocian and Bathonian) of Poland add significantly to our knowledge of the diversity and biogeography of the Cyclostomata at a time when they were the dominant bryozoan order in the fossil record. A total of 16 species and one form−genus (“Berenicea”) are present. Most are encrusters, predominantly on hiatus concretions. A single erect species was found in deposits interpreted as regurgitates of a marine vertebrate. The following new species are described: Microeciella annae sp. nov., M. kuklinskii sp. nov., M. maleckii sp. nov., M. mokrskoensis sp. nov., M. magnopora sp. nov., Reptomultisparsa harae sp. nov., and Hyporosopora bugajensis sp. nov. The taxonomic importance of the morphology of both the gonozooids and pseudopores is underlined, especially for encrusting species of the “Berenicea” type that are otherwise difficult to distinguish from one another. The described bryozoan assemblage encrusting hiatus concretions from the Polish Middle Jurassic is the richest that has been documented globally from this kind of substrate.
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The Bajocian tubeworm Spirorbis midfordensis, previously regarded as a spirorbid polychaete, is reinterpreted as a microconchid and assigned to Punctaconchus gen. nov. along with two new species, Punctaconchus ampliporus sp. nov. (Toarcian?, Aalenian–Bathonian), the type species of the new genus, and Punctaconchus palmeri sp. nov. (Bathonian). Microconchids are a mostly Palaeozoic group of tubeworms that are probably more closely related to modern lophophorate phyla than they are to polychaetes. Punctaconchus, the youngest unequivocal microconchid, is characterised by having large pores (punctae) penetrating the tube wall, which has a fibrous or platy lamellar microstructure, and ripplemark−like transverse ridges on the tube interior. In both morphology and ecology it is a remarkable homeomorph of the polychaete Spirorbis.
Dome−shaped cheilostome bryozoan colonies, most commonly about 2 cm in diameter, are common in Upper Eocene offshore deposits of southeastern North Carolina, USA.This colony−form is anachronistic in the Eocene, being more typical of Palaeozoic bryozoans.There are three types of domes: individual colonies of Parasmittina collum (Canu and Bassler), individual colonies of Osthimosia glomerata (Gabb and Horn) and multispecies intergrowths.The bryozoans grew laterally beyond initial shell substrata to become free−lying. P. collum colonies grew by local eruptive budding, forming subcolonies that extended radially over the underlying layer of zooids.Undersides of subcolonies that extended beyond the original substratum have basal exterior walls that are more commonly fouled by encrusters than is the upper side of the colony.By contrast, lateral growth of O. glomerata colonies was limited by size of the original substratum, subcolonies were not developed, and colony growth occurred by prolific frontal budding over the entire upper surface of the colony. Undersides of colonies beyond the substratum consist of the lateral interior walls of marginal zooids and are much less commonly fouled than are undersurfaces of P. collum.The upper surfaces of multispecies domes by definition are always fouled, and their undersurfaces are also commonly fouled.
An unusual cystoporate bryozoan from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Ahbach Formation of the Hillersheim Syncline (Eifel, Rhenish Massif, Germany) is described as Stellatoides muellertchensis gen. et sp. nov. The lamellar colonies have elongate stellate maculae with depressed centres consisting of vesicular skeleton. All colonies collected contain vertical axial tubular holes, which are embedment structures formed by the bryozoan around a soft-bodied symbiont and lined by bryozoan skeleton. These bioclaustrations are referred to the ichnogenus Chaetosalpinx, previously known in Ordovician– Devonian corals and sponges, and are described as Chaetosalpinx tapanilai ichnosp. nov. Ecological analogues to Chaetosalpinx tapanilai can be found in modern bryozoans in which tubes formed of bryozoan calcite are occupied by spionid polychaetes, or less often tanaidacean crustaceans.
Clusters of gastropod egg capsules, inferred to be of neritoids and attached to the inner shell wall of the ultimate whorl of a large volutid gastropod, are here recorded from the upper Nekum Member (Maastricht Formation; late Maastrichtian) of the ENCI−Heidelberg Cement Group quarry, St Pietersberg (Maastricht, southeast Netherlands). Because the aragonitic shell of the volutid has dissolved, the outlines of the egg capsules are now revealed on the steinkern of indurated biocalcarenite, having been subsequently overgrown by cheilostome bryozoan colonies and preserved as mould bioimmurations. This represents the first example of gastropod eggs preserved through bioimmuration, as well as the first record of gastropod eggs from the Cretaceous.
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