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The aim of the study was to compare the sensory quality of commercial semi-hard type cheese and its reduced fat version. In quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) a trained panel rated the cheeses for colour, odour, taste and texture. In the affective tests the panelists evaluated the samples for overall quality. The results proved that both fat content and years of production had significant effects on the sensory quality of the cheeses. The reduced-fat cheeses from 2004 and 2006 years obtained the lowest scores – 3.8 and 3.7 units respectively, whereas the other products (full-fat 2004, 2005, 2006 and reduced-fat 2005) obtained 6.5; 5.9; 8.6 and 6.2 units respectively. The QDA demonstrated significant differences (p<0.05) between the cheeses for the following attributes: yellow colour, salty taste, bitter taste aftertaste, hardness, chewiness, rubbery, dryness, and grainy caused the type cheese. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first (PC1) and the second (PC2) component together explained 75.85% of the variation of sensory quality of the samples.
The objective of the study was to compare the sensory characteristics of pork and chicken steaks obtained on three different types of grills. Grills such as charcoal (A), gas (B) and electric (C) were used in the study. After grilling (final internal temperature 72℃) the steaks were subjected to sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and hedonic tests In QDA a trained panel (n = 12) rated the steaks for odour, taste and texture. In the affective tests the panelists evaluated the samples for overall quality. The results proved that both the grill type and the meat type had significant effects on the sensory quality of the steaks. Gas grilled pork and chicken steaks obtained the highest scores of overall quality (6.1 units and 6.6 units respectively). However, pork steak prepared on electric grill and chicken steak obtained from charcoal grill indicated the least palatable effect (5.0 units and 4.7 units respectively). The QDA found significant differences (p < 0.05) between the steaks grilled for the following attributes: darkness, “fatty” odour and taste, “herbal/spicy” odour and taste, “smoky” odour, bitter taste and juiciness. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first (PC1) and the second (PC2) component together explained 87.56% of the variation of sensory quality of samples.
Świat pierwotniaków obejmuje ok. 30 tys. gatunków. Cechą charakterystyczną pierwotniaków w porównaniu z innymi mikroorganizmami jest wytwarzanie przez każdą komórkę wszystkich enzymów koniecznych do całkowitego jej metabolizmu. Oznacza to, że każdy gatunek pierwotniaków jest źródłem dużej liczby enzymów. Przykładem mogą być enzymy lizosomalne należące do grupy hydrolaz, takie jak: esterazy, glikozydazy, nukleazy, peptydazy oraz hydrolazy bezwodników kwasowych i hydrolazy rozrywające wiązania pomiędzy fosforem i azotem. Wykorzystując w hodowli pierwotniaków odpowiednią dietę, można uzyskać enzymy o dużej specyficzności substratowej i aktywności. Wykorzystanie enzymów pierwotniaków w przemyśle spożywczym wydaje się być realne po opracowaniu ekonomicznie opłacalnych technologii produkcji pierwotniaków i metod pozyskiwania z nich enzymów.
The aim of the present study was to compare the sensory quality of cheeses with different fat content. The samples studied were Polish commercial semi-hard type cheese and its reduced fat version. The sensory quality of cheeses was evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and as hedonic ratings on day 10, 50 and 80 of their storage under traditional conditions (refrigerator 4°C). The chemical composition of the cheeses was analysed as well. The chemical analysis and sensory evaluation (QDA) proved that the level of fat in cheeses and their storage period had a significant effect (p<0.05) on some chemical parameters of cheese and some sensory attributes. Statistically significant attributes which differentiated the profile of sensory quality of both varieties (p<0.05) of cheeses were: creamy odour, sour odour, yellow colour, salty taste, sweet taste, bitter taste, hardness and dryness. The results obtained with the QDA analysis were confirmed by the PCA analysis. Differentiating the sensory profile of cheeses (QDA) did not influence (p<0.05) their overall quality.
Four fermented probiotic beverages, three based on a mixture of cheese whey and soy preparation, and one on a soy preparation solely were evaluated. The products were fermented with selected probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium breve, B. infantis, B. animalis/lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, and Streptococcus thermophilus, used in the form of synergistic sets. After fermentation, the beverages were supplemented with processed fruits, and subsequently, their sensory properties were evaluated by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). Eighteen attributes for the investigated products, describing odour, appearance, taste, and consistency, were defined. The results obtained showed that during fermentation and subsequent fruit supplementation non-desired attributes of the soy preparation, like beany taste and flavour as well as aftertaste disappeared, and pleasant fruity, slightly acidic and sweet tastes appeared. All beverages were appraised with relatively high overall score (7.07-7.82 out of 10) over the control non-fermented soy preparation (score 1.13 out of 10). The final products, as new probiotic beverages, were characterised with good sensory properties, and in addition a high cell number of the probiotic bacteria (about 109 cells/mL).
In this work, the effect of solid-substrate fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis of soybean seeds on bioactive phenolic compounds was studied. Among the analysed sample extracts several phenolic compounds, hydroxybenzoics, hydroxycinnamics and fl avonoids, such as fl avonols, fl avanones, isofl avones were identifi ed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. The results obtained indicate that fermentation process carried out in seeds inoculated with different microorganisms produced signifi cant changes in fl avonoids and phenolic acids contents. A signifi cant increase in the content of phenolic acids was observed in the samples fermented with the different microorganisms with respect to soybean without fermentation and fermented naturally. Fermentation process produced also important changes in fl avonoids compounds, with a signifi cant formation in isofl avone aglycone contents such as daidzein, glycitein and genistein as a consequence of glucosidase activity of microorganism in this process, showing signifi cant differences (p<0.05) with respect to control. Therefore, this process was shown to be a good way to increase the phenolic content of soybean, which could confer health-promoting effects.
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