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Cryopreservation is widely applied to many economically important species excluding chimera plants which are problematic for long-term conservation. Their storage problems can be circumvented only by cryopreserving meristems. This study looked at the morphogenetic response of shoot tips of periclinal chimera chrysanthemum ‘Lady Orange’ and ‘Lady Salmon’, as well as the solid mutant ‘Richmond’, that were cryopreserved by encapsulation-dehydration technique. By applying 10 µM ABA in the preculture medium followed by 4-day-long dehydration treatment, the explant survival reached up to 67%. Besides the stimulation of typical single shoot recovery, cryopreservation led to direct or indirect multiple shoot formation, shoot malformation, as well as inhibited their spontaneous rooting. Microscopic analysis revealed three types of structural damages of shoot tips which can correspond with their morphogenetic response in recovery culture. No influence of cryostorage on the acclimatisation efficiency of the recovered chrysanthemums was observed.
Biscutella laevigata L. is known as a Tl hyperaccumulator. In Poland Biscutella laevigata occurs in the Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians) and on the calamine waste heap in Bolesław near Olkusz (Silesian Upland). The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether plants of both populations were able to accumulate an elevated amount of thallium in their tissues. The plants were cultivated in calamine soil in a glasshouse for a season and studied at different ages – from 2-week-old seedlings to 10-month-old adults. Additionally, the plants were grown for ten weeks in calamine soil with EDTA to enhance Tl bioavailability. The total content of Tl in plant tissues after digestion was determined by ICP-MS, whereas its distribution in leaves was studied by LA-ICP-MS. Of the total content of Tl in the soil in the range of (15.2–66.7) mg·kgˉ¹d.m., only (1.1–2.1) mg·kgˉ¹d.m. was present in a bioavailable form. The mean content in all the plants grown on the soil without EDTA was 98.5 mg·kgˉ¹d.m. The largest content was found in leaves – 164.9 mg·kgˉ¹d.m. (max. 588.2 mg·kgˉ¹d.m.). In the case of plants grown on the soil enriched with EDTA, the mean content in plants increased to 108.9 mg·kgˉ¹d.m., max. in leaves – 138.4 mg·kgˉ¹d.m. (max. 1100 mg·kgˉ¹d.m.). The translocation factor was 6.1 in the soil and 2.2 in the soil with EDTA; the bioconcentration factor amounted to 10.9 and 5.8, respectively. The plants from both populations did not contain a Tl amount clearly indicating hyperaccumulation (100–500 mg·kgˉ¹d.m.), however, high (>1) translocation and bioconcentration factors suggest such an ability. It is a characteristic species-wide trait; B. laevigata L. is a facultative Tl hyperaccumulator. The largest Tl amount was located at the leaf base, the smallest at its top. Thallium also occurred in trichomes, which was presented for the first time; in this way plants detoxify Tl in the above-ground parts. Leaves were much more hairy in the Bolesław plants. This is an adaptation for growth in the extreme conditions of the zinc-lead waste heap with elevated Tl quantity.
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