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The genetic features of each isolate were determined by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) primer sequences used in PCR and by searching for six virulence genes (alg D, las B, tox A, plc H,plc N, exo S). 49 (79%) of the isolates were distributed in three ERIC PCR subgroups and showed 62% of similarity. The remaining 13 strains generated unique patterns. The first subgroup was primarily composed of isolates from faeces, these strains indicated over 70% relationship with the next subgroup, and primarily contained strains isolated from wounds and bronchial washings and the last subgroup contained strains isolated from wounds and urine. The unique strains were isolated mainly from urine. Statistical analysis indicated that variations in distribution of virulence genes in P. aeruginosa isolates with respect to strain origin and genomic subgroups were not significant. In the group of 49 strains, 100% gave a positive reaction to alg D, las B and plc H genes, 91.8% to tox A and plc N genes and 83.7% to exo S gene. Among the strains that generated unique (ERIC-PCR) patterns, 69.2% gave a positive reaction to alg D gene, 84.6% to las B gene, 76.9% to tox A, plc N and plc H genes, and 46.15% to exo S gene.
Two typing methods were evaluated, utilizing 62 clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to assess their usefulness as tools to study the bacterial diversity within this complex group. Genetic diversity was determined by PCR ribotyping and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR. By these methods, 9 and 36 genotypes were found, respectively. The result showed that ERIC PCR analysis is a more discriminatory method than PCR ribotyping analysis and traditional serotyping scheme. We suggest that maximum discrimination can be achievied by a combination of these methods.
The aim of this study was to test the diversity of a population of 82 strains of S. aureus isolated from cows with mastitis in the east of Poland. The isolates were typed by analysis of the number of repeats of 24 bp sequences in the X region of protein A (spa) gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the coagulase (coa) gene. Twelve different spa types were distinguished. Amplification of region X gave, in 79 cases, one stripe. In a scope of 100-364 bp 10 different products (genotypes) of amplification reaction were defined. For one strain two stripes were obtained and two strains did not contain the spa gene. The most prevalent strains had 10, 11 and 12 repeats of 24 bp sequences, which represented respectively 18%, 30% and 13% of all strains tested. The presence of any strain containing 4 or 9 sequence was not observed. In the case of analysis of the polymorphism of the coagulase gene, 13 different genotypes were identified. The most frequently appearing genotype is genotype C, in which case an amplification product is digested into three DNA fragments: 410, 320 and 160 bp. To this genotype belong 43 strains, which constitute 52% of the examined population. A significant improvement in discriminatory power was observed when results from both genes were analyzed simultaneously. In an analyzed group of 82 strains, 24 genotypes were isolated.
Staphylococcus aureus is an etiological factor of severe infections in both hospital and ambulatory environments. As methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains spread quickly across healthcare centers resulting in life-threatening infections with increased mortality, they are considered more virulent than MSSA strains. Protein A, encoded by the spa gene, is one of the virulence factors involved in the staphylococcal pathogenesis. It has been suggested that the number of 24-bp tandem repeat units along the X region of the spa gene correlates with the virulence level of the strains. The current work analyzed the relationships between the virulence of MRSA and MSSA strains with region X polymorphism. No obvious correlation was observed.
A collection of 206 Staphylococcus spp. isolates was investigated for their ability to produce compounds exhibiting antistaphylococcal activity. This group included Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus xylosus strains recovered from bovine mastitis (n = 158) and human skin wounds and soft tissues infections (n = 48). Production of substances with antimicrobial activity was observed in six strains. Five of them were recovered from bovine mastitis, and one was isolated from the infected human skin wound. Three of the six antimicrobials produced by the different strains showed substantial loss of antimicrobial activity upon treatment with proteolytic enzymes, which suggests their peptidic structure. Additional studies have shown that one of the putative bacteriocins was efficiently secreted to the liquid medium, facilitating its large-scale production and isolation. The peptide produced by the M2B strain exhibited promising activity; however, against narrow spectrum of Staphylococcus spp. clinical and animal isolates. Growth inhibition was observed only in the case of 13 (including nine S. aureus, three S. xylosus and one S. epidermidis strains) out of 206 strains tested. Important advantage of the produced agent was its high thermal stability. Fifteen minutes of incubation at 90°C did not affect its antimicrobial potential. The highest efficiency of production of the agent was demonstrated in TSB medium after 24 hours at 37°C. The researches revealed that ability to production of bacteriocin among staphylococci is not very common. Only one (S. xylosus strain assigned as M2B) out of 206 strains tested produced satisfactory amounts of antistaphylococcal bacteriocin. In spite of that, we would encourage other researchers for investigation of their collections of Staphylococcus spp. isolates towards selection strains producing antimicrobial agents.
The aim of the study was phenotypic and genotypic analysis of 132 S. aureus strains isolated from mastitis in eastern Poland in respect to their biofilm formation ability. The analysis of the size polymorphism of fragment X in the gene encoding protein A (spa) revealed high genetic differentiation of the analyzed group of isolates. The ability of biofilm formation by the isolates was tested using two phenotypic methods. The Congo Red plate assay was found to be irreproducible and very subjective. More objective results were obtained using the spectrophotometric, microtiter plate assay. Most of the isolates, namely 76/132 (57.6 %) were classified as biofilm producers depending on the value of absorbance in the microtiter plate test. All of the isolates tested were found to possess both icaA and icaD genes, while the bap gene was absent in all strains.
The molecular-typing strategy, ERIC-PCR was used in an attempt to determine the genomic relationship of 28 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from faeces of healthy bovine, bovine mastitis and from faeces of hospital patients as well as from environment. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting revealed large molecular differentiation within this group of isolates. Twenty two out of 28 strains tested generated unique patterns of DNA bands and only three genotypes consisted of two isolates each were identified. We also tested the P. aeruginosa isolates for their ability to form a biofilm on abiotic surfaces including polyvinylchloride and polystyrene. Different biofilm-forming abilities were demonstrated among strains; however, most of them (64.3%) showed moderate-biofilm forming ability. The strains with increased swimming and twitching motility displayed elevated biofilm formation. However, a negative correlation was found between slime and initial biofilm production. On the basis of the results obtained, we suggest that there are no major differences in phenotypic properties between P. aeruginosa strains isolated from different sources.
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